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REI who appear to have been German by descent. The first,, R.A., was born about 1750, and was long the pupil and assistant of Allan Ramsay. He commenced as a portrait painter, but afterwards took to landscape and animal painting, and was particularly distinguished for his pictures and drawings of hounds, many of which have been engraved. He travelled much in Italy, where he became acquainted with Robert Barker, the inventor of panoramas, for whom he made many drawings. Philip Reinagle was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy as early as 1779, and was elected an associate of that institution in 1787; but he did not attain the full honours of the Academy until 1811. He died at Chelsea in 1833.—His son, *, R.A., born about 1772, also an excellent landscape painter, at one time held a prominent position as a portrait painter. He likewise studied in Italy, and assisted the Barkers, father and son, in their panoramas exhibited at Leicester Square, some of which were in great part painted by Ramsay Reinagle. He exhibited at the Royal Academy as early as 1787, and was elected an academician in 1822, his best time, when he exhibited some excellent landscapes, from sketches made in Italy and elsewhere. He visited Antwerp about 1830, and made full-size copies of Rubens' two masterpieces in the Academy there—the Crucifixion, and the Adoration of the Kings, which he afterwards exhibited in Oxford Street, but with very little success. He is still living (1862), having already nearly attained his ninetieth year.—Ramsay's son,, born in London in 1802, was an excellent marine painter, more especially distinguished for his drawings of ships and sea-fights on stone. He was thoroughly versed in the structure and rigging of ships. He published in 1834 in lithography an admirable series of drawings of Sir Charles Napier's victories over the fleet of Don Miguel. He published also some similar drawings of the battle of Navarino, at which he was present, in 1827. George Reinagle's oil pictures are scarce, for besides being latterly chiefly occupied in drawing and in lithography, he executed occasionally both landscapes and small portraits; and he died in London in 1835, at the premature age of thirty-three only. His first appearance on the walls of the Royal Academy was with a portrait in 1822. In 1824 he exhibited a "Ship in a Storm giving a Signal of Distress," and a "Calm-Morning." In 1829 he exhibited three pictures of Sir Edward Codrington's fleet—the "Battle of Navarino," October 20, 1827; the "Asia and Albion leaving the Harbour of Navarino," on the 25th of that month; and the "Asia, Albion, and Rose, leaving Malta for England," on the 29th of December following; and in 1831 he exhibited a picture of the Russian fleet, after the same battle, entering Valetta harbour; in 1834 the "H.C.S. Reliance struck by Lightning," and "Admiral Napier's triumph over the Miguelite squadron, July 6, 1833." He exhibited altogether forty-one pictures or drawings at the Academy, of which the majority were sea-pieces.—R. N. W.  REINBECK,, an eminent Lutheran divine, was born at Zell in 1682, and educated at Halle. In 1713 he became pastor of the churches of Verder and Villeneuve, having been assistant for ten years previous; in 1717 first pastor of the church of St. Peter at Berlin, and inspector of the college at Cologne; in 1719 councillor of the consistory; and in 1739 confessor to the queen and princess royal. He died in 1742. The title of his principal work is "Considerations on the truths contained in the Confession of Augsburg."—D. W. R.  REINDEL,, German engraver, was born at Nürnberg in 1784. In 1798 he became a pupil of H. Guttenberg. In 1803 he went to Paris in order to study design, and whilst there engraved several prints from Kiessling and others, for Visconti's Iconographie, &c. He settled in Nürnberg, where he was appointed professor of the academy of painting, and afterwards director of the art school—an office he retained till his death, February 13, 1853. Reindel was one of the ablest of recent German engravers. Besides the prints already named, he engraved Poussin's Arcadian Shepherds, and other prints for the Musée Français; the sculpture by Peter Vischer on the famous shrine of St. Sebald in the church of that saint at Nürnberg; Rauch's statue of Albert Dürer, and other sculpture. He translated for the use of his pupils Thibaut's Perspective, 4to, Nürnberg, 1834.—J. T—e.  REINER. , German painter, born at Prague in 1686. He learnt design from his father, a sculptor of little note, and painting from Schweiger of Prague. He possessed great facility and versatility, and acquired considerable reputation in his day. He first painted battle-pieces; afterwards landscapes with figures and cattle, in the manner of J. H. Roos; but is best known by his large historical and mythological subjects in oil and fresco. A well known example of his large oil pictures is the great altar-piece in the church of St. Peter at Prague; and of his frescoes, the dome, &c., of the church of the Crusaders, and the "Battle of the Giants" on the great staircases of the royal castle (Hradschin) in the same city. His cabinet pictures are chiefly confined to the German collections. Reiner died at Prague in 1743.—J. T—e.  REINESIUS,, a learned physician, philologist, and antiquary of the seventeenth century, was born at Gotha in Saxony in 1587. He studied classics at Wittenberg, and medicine at the universities of Jena and Padua, but obtained the degree of M.D. at the university of Basle. He married in 1617, and commenced practice at Hof in Franconia. He removed to Baireuth, on the invitation of the margrave, who appointed him his physician and inspector of public schools. In 1627 he was chosen physician to the town of Altenburg; there he remained for several years, and obtained the dignity of burgomaster. He was subsequently made councillor by the elector of Saxony, and removed to Leipsic, where he died in 1667. He was a man of vast erudition, and was looked up to and consulted as an oracle. His scholarship procured him the notice of Louis XIV., who conveyed to him by Colbert a substantial proof of favour. In return Reinesius dedicated one of his works to Colbert. The numerous writings of Reinesius are principally on the subjects of philology, classical learning, and antiquities. There are also published collections of his letters to Caspar Hoffman, John Vorstius, and other scholars of his age.—F. C. W.  REINHOLD,, a German philosopher, was born at Jena, 18th October, 1793. After completing his studies, he obtained a mastership in the gymnasium at Kiel, whence he was called to the chair of philosophy at Jena. He belonged to the school of Kant, and among his numerous works those on the history of philosophy enjoyed the greatest popularity. He died September 17, 1855.—K. E.  REINHOLD,, a German astronomer, author of several astronomical treatises and tables, was born at Saalfeld on the 21st of October, 1511, and died there on the 19th of February, 1553. From 1536 until his death he was professor of mathematics in the university of Wittenberg. He was one of the earliest supporters of the Copernican system.—W. J. M. R.  REINWARDT,, a distinguished Dutch naturalist, was born at Lüttringhausen on 3rd June, 1772, and died at Leyden on 6th March, 1854, in his eighty-first year. He studied at Amsterdam, and took his degree of M.D. there. In 1801 he was elected professor of chemistry, botany, and natural history in the university of Harderwyk; in 1808 he became professor of natural history at Amsterdam, and in 1810 at Leyden. From 1815 to 1822 he visited the Dutch possessions in India as director of agriculture, arts, and sciences. He published "Observations on the Gold Mines and the Natural History of the Moluccas." He was an affable man, of great kindness of heart, and a most friendly disposition. His library and collections were open to naturalists. He was a fellow of the Linnæan Society of London.—J. H. B. <section end="41H" /> <section begin="41Zcontin" />REISKE,, a famous Arabic philologist, was born at Zorbig, near Leipsic, 25th December, 1716. After a short preparatory attendance at the Orphan house at Halle, he entered the university of Leipsic, and devoted his time principally to Arabic literature which remained the passion of his life. His industry and aptitude soon showed themselves, for he published in 1737 the twenty-six Consessus of the Narratives of Hariri, with a Latin version and Arabic scholia. Travelling into Holland, he sojourned for a season at Leyden, to enjoy its famed oriental library. Poverty had always pressed upon him; he had denied himself the common means of sustenance to purchase books, and now he supported himself as a corrector of the press. He also studied medicine, and on his return to Leipsic a medical diploma was gratuitously conferred upon him. But his education and his manner unfitted him for practice; his spirit was soured, his nervous system shattered, and his temper set on edge by repeated disappointments and continued indigence. He also made many foes by the sharp censures and bitter critiques scattered through his writings, as in his editions of various classical authors. At length he was chosen rector of the college of St. Nicholas in Leipsic, where he had some respite from his <section end="41Zcontin" />