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THE he wrote a history of the wars of the Romans under Pompey. His works are now lost, but Plutarch seems to have made considerable use of them in his biographies.—G.  THEOPHANES,, the Byzantine historian, was born of noble parentage about 750. In 780 he became a monk, and strenuously defended the use of images at the second council of Nicæa, 787. On this account he was imprisoned by Leo the Armenian, an iconoclast emperor. Theophanes died in 818. We still possess his continuation of the chronicle of Syncellus, extending from 277 to 811. It was edited by Niebuhr in the Bonn collection of the Byzantine historians.—G.  THEOPHANES,, styled the "Russian Chrysostom," was born in 1681 at Kieff, where he was educated, and where he became lecturer on poetry, rector of the academy, and teacher of theology. In 1706 he made a very favourable impression on the Czar Peter in the delivery of a gratulatory address to the monarch. He accompanied Peter in the Turkish campaign. In 1716 he was made bishop of Pskoff, and became one of the czar's chief instruments in carrying out a reform of the clergy. He was made archbishop of Novgorod in 1721, and after crowning three successive sovereigns of Russia, died at St. Petersburg in 1736.—R. H.  THEOPHILUS, Emperor of the East in the ninth century, was crowned on the 3rd of October, 829. His first care was to punish the murderers of Leo the Armenian. He sent out an expedition against the Mussulmans of Africa under his son-in-law, Alexis, which terminated successfully. These powerful enemies pressed upon his empire on every side, and ravaged Asia. Sometimes he was victorious, sometimes the reverse. After the Saracens had taken his native place, Amorium, and razed it to the ground, Theophilus refused to take nourishment, and pined away. His death happened in 842. He was a severe and just sovereign, moderate and prudent, a friend to morality, and the rewarder of men of merit. He was very fond of music, was a poet, and wrote hymns. He banished all public courtesans from Constantinople, built new walls, and proceeded with severity against the supporters of images in the churches. His five campaigns against the Saracens, however, produced no decisive or lasting good. The only public stain on his memory is his ordering the execution of Theopholus without any reason.—S. D.  THEOPHILUS, Bishop of Antioch in the last half of the second century. Having succeeded Eros in the episcopate, he filled it for thirteen years, i.e., from 170 till 183. Originally a heathen, he was converted to Christianity by the study of the scriptures. The only work of his that has survived is his "Apology for the Christian Faith," addressed to Autolycus, in three books, which must have been written, or finished at least, not long before the author's death, as mention is made in it of the death of Marcus Antoninus in 180. The work shows the learning and talents of Theophilus in a favourable light, though it contains some allegorical fancies. The best edition is Wolf's, Hamburg, 1724, 8vo. It has been translated into English and German, and at one time was generally printed with Justin Martyr's works. Besides this he wrote against Marcion and Hermogenes, a commentary on the gospels, &c.—S. D.  THEOPHILUS, Bishop of Alexandria in the fourth and fifth centuries, was elevated to the episcopate in 385, and proved himself a violent, intolerant, persecuting, and unprincipled ecclesiastic. At the beginning of his career he succeeded in gaining the favour of Theodosius, whose permission he obtained to enable him to exterminate the pagans from his diocese. This he did in the most severe way, pulling down their temples and seizing whatever valuables they possessed. These measures led to insurrections and bloodshed in Alexandria, with the flight of the philosophers thence. A controversy having arisen among the Nitrian monks respecting the method of understanding the scripture expressions about the Deity having eyes, feet, hands, &c., and Origen being appealed to by one party in favour of the metaphorical interpretation, Theophilus sided at first with the Origenists against the Anthropomorphites. As soon, however, as he saw that the latter party were more numerous and strong, he changed sides (399), and proceeded to persecute the Origenists, even while he continued to admire the works of the distinguished father from whom they took their name. In 401 he issued an encyclical letter condemning the writings of Origen, and threatening his disciples. Next year he issued another of the same kind. The persecuted monks, driven from Egypt, fled to Constantinople and other places. Chrysostom befriended such as took refuge in Constantinople. Hence he drew down upon himself the wrath of Theophilus, who had already shown ill feeling, envy, and hatred against him. Through the Empress Eudoxia, the fiery prelate of Alexandria succeeded in procuring the deposal and banishment of Chrysostom. But the people raised a tumult, during which Theophilus secretly escaped from Constantinople and returned to Alexandria. In 404 he issued a third letter against the Origenists. His death took place in 412. The character of Theophilus reflects little credit on his profession. He was active and courageous, persevering and strong-minded; but he was selfish, cunning, ambitious, and unscrupulous. His works are not numerous. They consist of three paschal letters or episcopal charges, various letters, and extracts from polemic treatises. He wrote against the Origenists. All his remains are in Galland's Bibliotheca Patrum.—S. D.  THEOPHILUS, a lawyer of Constantinople, belonging to the sixth century. Justinian employed him on his first code, on the Digest, and on the Institutes. After the promulgation of the last work in 533, he read a Greek commentary upon the Latin text, in his capacity of professor of law. He also explained or wrote a commentary upon the Digest. The Greek paraphrase of the Institutes soon supplanted in the East the original Latin text, which was little known. It has been supposed, however, that it did not proceed from himself, but that some of his pupils wrote it from notes taken from Theophilus; and that there was besides a literal version in Greek. The best edition is that of Reitz, 1751, 2 vols. It is conjectured that his death took place in 536, because Thalelæus, one of his colleagues, who wrote about 537, speaks of him as dead; and we know that Theophilus explained to his pupils the second part of the Digest, 535.—S. D.  THEOPHILUS, the author of several Greek medical works, which are still extant, but which do not all require to be noticed here. Of the events of his life no details are known, and his date—which was probably about the eighth or ninth century—can only be conjectured. The title assigned to him, "Protospatharius," was originally a military one, but afterwards indicated a high civil dignity, which perhaps renders it somewhat unlikely that all the medical works that bear the name of Theophilus, should have been written by the same author; for though a person of rank may well have taken such an interest in the subject of human anatomy and philosophy as to have compiled the treatise De Corporis Humani Fabricâ—which is written in such a religious spirit that it may be considered almost as a work on natural theology—yet it is hardly probable that he should have written De Urinis, De Excrementis, or even De Pulsibus, or a commentary on Hippocrates. It may be added that some of these works bear the names of Philaretus or Philotheus. The longest and most interesting of the works that go under the name of Theophilus, is the anatomical treatise above mentioned, which is chiefly compiled from Galen's great work, De Usu Partium Corporis Humani. The most complete edition was published at the Oxford University press, 8vo, 1842, edited by W. A. Greenhill. The treatise De Urinis, which was considered a useful work in the middle ages, was published at Leyden, 8vo, 1703 and 1731, by Thomas Guidot.—W. A. G. <section end="401H" /> <section begin="401Zcontin" />THEOPHRASTUS, the favourite pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as head of the Lyceum, was born at Eresus, a town in the island of Lesbos, probably about 374. He came to Athens in early life, and studied first under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle. On the death of Aristotle in 322 ., Theophrastus, by the will of the philosopher, who likewise left him his library and manuscripts, was nominated president of the Lyceum, for so the place was called in which Aristotle had promulgated his philosophy. Theophrastus upheld the Aristotelic doctrines with great ability and repute, being no doubt stimulated by the rivalry of his contemporaries, Xenocrates and Polemon, who were zealously advocating the philosophy of Plato in the Academy. His name is said by Diogenes Laertius to have been changed by Aristotle from Tyrtamus into that of Theophrastus, or "the divine speaker;" and if it be true, as stated, that the splendour of his eloquence attracted at one time an audience of two thousand students, there seems to have been a good reason for the change. We are informed by the same authority that Theophrastus not only excelled in philosophy, but that he also delighted greatly in comedies, and was the instructor of the comic poet Menander. This quality of his genius might almost have been inferred from his work entitled "Ethical Characters"—one of the few which have come down to us—a work <section end="401Zcontin" />