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TES 8vo, 1770-76.—(See Neander's Antignosticus, der Geist des  Tertullianus und Einleitung in dessert Schriften, new edition, 1849, 8vo; the sixth volume containing indexes compiled by Schutz and Windorf.)—S. D.  TESSIN,, Count de, was born at Stockholm in 1693. His father, who was a senator of Sweden, and grand-marshal of the court, carefully superintended his education, and subsequently sent him to travel for several years in Germany, France, and Italy. On his return, the young count took an active part in the political discussions which took place among the Swedes after the death of Charles XII. The party with which he was connected obtained the superiority, and he was elected president of the assembly of the nobles in the diet of 1738. Mainly through his influence an essential change was made in the system of government—a portion of the public revenue was devoted to the encouragement of manufactures, and an alliance with France was preferred to the friendship of Great Britain and Russia. Tessin was nominated ambassador to the French court in 1739, and remained in Paris for three years. On his return to Sweden he obtained the dignity of senator, and was sent ambassador to Denmark, and subsequently to Berlin. From 1747 to 1752 Count de Tessin, as president of the chancery, managed the foreign affairs of the kingdom, and was at the same time governor of the prince-royal, afterwards Gustavus III., for whose instruction he wrote a series of letters, which have been translated into several languages. In 1761 a change took place in the government, and Count de Tessin resigned all his offices, and retired to Akeroe in Sudermania, where he died in 1770. Besides his letters to the prince, he was the author of an "Essay on the manner in which the Swedish Language may be adapted to the style of Inscriptions."—J. T.  TESTA,, called , a celebrated Italian painter and engraver, was born at Lucca in 1617. He was first a pupil of Paolini at Lucca. He then went in a pilgrim's habit to Rome, and placed himself under P. da Cortona; but having spoken disparagingly of his master's maxims, he was turned out of his school. After this he studied under Domenichino, upon whom he based his style; but his manner is considered to have been influenced by his intimacy with N. Poussin. He was a laborious student, and is said to have made drawings of all the principal antiquities in Rome. His imagination, too, was fertile—almost extravagant; he possessed much poetic feeling, his style was varied and vigorous, and he composed with facility. But he was of a gloomy temperament, sarcastic in speech, and unsocial, and he had few friends and fewer patrons. He drowned himself in the Tiber in 1650. His best pictures are "The Death of Beato Angelo," in S. Martino a Monte; "Joseph sold by his Brethren," in the gallery of the capitol; and "The Massacre of the Innocents," in the Spada palace. He painted some works for churches in Lucca, and a cupola in the oratory of the Lippi palace. Testa is perhaps more widely known as an engraver than a painter. He left a great many prints etched in a free and masterly manner from his own designs.—J. T—e.  TESTELIN, Louis, son of Gilles Testelin, painter to Louis XIII. , was born at Paris in 1615, and early distinguished himself. He was the friend and assistant of Le Brun, and was chosen one of the original members of the French Royal Academy of Painting; and in 1650 he became a professor. Testelin was one of the most correct painters of his time, but his works are scarce; yet during his short career he painted two of the so-called Mai pictures, which were presented to the Virgin at Notre Dame by the goldsmiths, on each first of May, namely, in 1652 and in 1655, the year of his death. Testelin was a protestant.—R. N. W.  TETRICUS,, was one of the thirty tyrants who afflicted the Roman empire in the middle of the third century. Being prefect of Aquitania in 267 he assumed the purple at Bordeaux, and was acknowledged as emperor by Gaul, Spain, and Britain. For some years his authority was undisturbed until Aurelius marched against him in 274. Tetricus, it is said, betrayed his followers; however that may be, he was defeated and taken prisoner at Chalons-sur-Marne, along with his son, whom he had associated with himself in the empire. Aurelius not only spared their lives, but gave them large estates in Italy, and treated them in the most generous manner.—G.  TETZEL or DIEZEL,, was born at Leipsic. He studied in his native town, and was bachelor in 1487. Two years afterwards he entered the order of Dominicans, and was ordained by the bishop of Maxburg. He rapidly grew in honours, became prior of the Dominicans, inquisitor, and doctor of theology. From 1502 he had been employed as a preacher of indulgences, and on account of his success received large pay—a monthly allowance of eighty florins, and a carriage and horses with other advantages, being secured for him. But his character was bad. He had been convicted of adultery at Inspruck in 1512, and the Emperor Maximilian had given orders that he should be sewed up in a sack and flung into the river. He was saved from this fate by the intercession of the Elector Frederick of Saxony. He travelled the country and trafficked in indulgences with knavish effrontery. The indulgences hawked about by him, exposed from his stage, and regulated by a tariff, would, he affirmed, save a man even though he had violated the mother of God herself. These indulgences became at length like a kind of scrip, and were circulated in hotels and market-places. Tetzel's visit to Wittemberg in 1516 scandalized and enraged Luther, and became one of the proximate causes of the Reformation. Luther's famous theses against him were published 31st October, 1517.—(See .) Tetzel, in consequence of overacting his commission, was reproved by the legate, and was so humbled by the rebuke that he retired to his convent in Leipsic, and died broken-hearted 4th July, 1519.—J. E.  TEXEIRA or TEXERA,, a Portuguese author and diplomatist, was born in 1543, and attached himself for some years to the person of Don Antonio, then a claimant to the throne of Portugal. He was afterwards court chaplain to Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, and continued to his death attached to the service of the house of Condé. His principal works are, a "Compendium of Portuguese History," and a pamphlet in defence of it, which gave such offence to the leaguers that he was obliged to fly from Lyons; a "Genealogy of the House of Condé;" and a "Narrative of the Adventures of Don Sebastian."—F. M. W.  TEXEIRA or TEXERA,, a Persian scholar, born in Portugal about 1570. Having gone to India, he resolved to return overland (1604), and travelled by way of Meshed-Ali to Bagdad, and thence to Anna, Aleppo, and Scanderoon, whence he took shipping for Venice. The result of his researches, written in Spanish, and published at Antwerp in 1610, consists of three parts—a history of the kings of Persia; an abridgment of a Persian history of Ormuz; and an account of his own overland journey. The work was long highly esteemed.—F. M. W. <section end="394H" /> <section begin="394I" />* TEXIER,, a distinguished French archæologist, was born at Versailles, 29th August, 1802. Of a family of artists, his attention was in the first instance directed to architecture, and he published an essay, "Sur les Ports des Anciens," which was crowned in 1831 by the Académie des Inscriptions, and another on the "Architecture et la Lithologie Anciennes." But gradually his attention was directed wholly to archæology, and in 1833 he was intrusted by the French government with the conduct of a mission to Asia Minor to examine the vestiges of antiquity remaining or discoverable there. During the next ten years he made four visits to that region, and whilst there diligently explored, measured, and made drawings of the various ancient monuments. At home he devoted himself with equal zeal to working out for publication the results of his researches. In 1839-49 he published under the auspices of the government a "Description de l'Asie Mineure: Beaux-arts, Monuments-historiques, plans et topographies des Cités Antiques," 3 vols. folio; and in 1842-52 a "Description de l'Arménie, de la Perse, et de la Mésopotamie," 2 vols. folio. These superb works, richly illustrated with line engravings and chromo-lithographs from the drawings of the author, are as instructive and valuable to the archæologist, and to all whose studies lie in the direction indicated by the titles, as they are gratifying to the admirer of handsome books. He has since published "Édesse et ses Monuments en Mésopotamie," 8vo, 1859, and various papers in reviews and archæological journals. M. Texier received the decoration of the legion of honour in 1837, and was elected academician libre of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres in 1855.—J. T—e. <section end="394I" /> <section begin="394Zcontin" />THAARUP,, a Danish poet of some note, was born at Copenhagen on the 21st of August, 1749. From 1781 till 1794 he filled the post of instructor in history, philosophy, and belles-lettres, in the naval academy. In the latter year he was appointed director of the theatre, an office which he retained until 1800. The remainder of his days he spent in rural retirement and in the enjoyment of a pension at Smidstrup, near Hirschholm, where he died on the 11th of July, 1821. What <section end="394Zcontin" />