Page:Imperialdictiona03eadi Brandeis Vol3b.pdf/393

TER way into the heart of Latin society, the reputation of Terence continued to increase. He is praised in the warmest terms by Julius Cæsar, Cicero, Horace, and Ovid. In modern times he has been almost equally a favourite, and many distinguished writers have borrowed from his pages. Among the rest we may enumerate Moliere, Steele, and Cumberland. Terence is believed to have published only six plays, all of which still survive, viz., the "Andria," "Hecyra," "Adelphi," "Eunuchus," "Heauton Timorumenos," and "Phormio." All these comedies except the "Hecyra" are constructed with a double plot; but the action is less complex than in many of Plautus' compositions. Terence was not a man of inventive genius; all his plays were imitated from Greek originals, the greater part being taken from Menander. Nor did he add a single new character to the stock in trade with which the Athenian dramatists supplied him. But his excellencies are none the less genuine and unimpeachable. For humane and liberal feeling, for knowledge of mankind, for refined and delicate wit, and for marvellous felicity of expression and easy grace of style, his scenes must always be admired by the discerning student. That he was deficient in broad humour and creative power is certainly true; but the same may be said of Addison, whom of all modern authors he most nearly resembles. We must add that, though a freedman and a foreigner, Terence is reckoned one of the standard models of pure Latinity; which may probably arise from his intimacy with the most accomplished Romans of that age. The editions of Terence are very numerous: one of the most useful is that by Dr. Giles, London, 1 vol. 8vo, 1837.—G.  TERNAUX,, an eminent French manufacturer, was born at Sedan in 1763, and died at St. Ouen on the 3rd of April, 1833. He was the son of a cloth manufacturer, and showed his talent for business by taking the management of the factory at the age of sixteen, upon his father being obliged to leave the district. During an active and useful life, he introduced many improvements in the woollen manufacture. He was the first in France who made shawls in imitation of those of Cashmere, and at great expense he naturalized the Thibet goat in his country. Although a very zealous republican, he had to take refuge in Germany during the Reign of Terror. He strongly opposed the establishment of the consulate for life, and the empire; nevertheless Napoleon, who in many instances showed that he could respect and befriend an honest antagonist, appointed him vice-president of the council of manufactures, and a member of the legion of honour. Louis XVIII. retained him in his office, and created him a baron. In 1820 he was elected one of the deputies of Paris. He promoted the revolution of 1830, but soon afterwards retired from public life.—W. J. M. R.  TERPANDER, of Lesbos, is commonly regarded as the founder of ancient Greek music. Some doubt exists as to the exact epoch at which he flourished; but since he is said by the best authorities to have been prior to Archilochus and contemporary with Midas, we may reasonably place him about 700. If not the founder, he was at least the systematizer and regulator of Greek music, and he seems to have successfully blended the Asiatic with the native modes of harmony. He is said to have been the first who set to music the poetry of Homer, and to have been the inventor of the seven-stringed lyre.—G.  TERRASSON,, Abbé, a man of letters, born at Lyons in 1670. He was educated at the Oratory in Paris, which he soon quitted. Shortly afterwards he returned to the same institution, but he soon left it finally. His father, who wished all his sons to enter the church, looked upon this vacillation as a proof of unsteadiness, and at his death left John with a very moderate income. This, however, did not depress his spirits, and he followed his literary career with ardour and success. He found a friend in the Abbé Bignon, who procured for him an admission into the Academy of Sciences in 1707, and shortly afterwards he became a member of the French Academy. In 1721 he was appointed professor of Greek and Latin at the Royal college. Viewing the celebrated scheme of Law with favour, he wrote in its support, and for a time became wealthy. He enjoyed his opulence with serenity, and resigned it philosophically when the speculation burst, and expressed to his friends, when he was once more reduced to the mere necessaries of life, that he was much happier than when in possession of wealth, which wearied him. He was assiduous in his duties as a professor; and, not content with the hours due to his public lectures, he considered it his duty to answer all those who came to consult him in the study of science at other times. Among his principal works are—"A Critical Dissertation on Homer's Iliad;" "Reflections in favour of Law's System;" "Sethos," a moral romance; and a translation of Diodorus Siculus. His memory entirely forsook him in his later days, and he died at Paris in 1750.—W. J. P.  TERTULLIANUS,, a distinguished father of the Latin church, was the son of a pagan centurion of proconsular rank at Carthage. His birth took place about 160. He was educated for the legal profession, but he became a convert to christianity, and was ordained a presbyter in the church of Carthage, where he usually exercised his functions, though he visited and resided at Rome also. About 200, when he had arrived at middle life, he embraced the tenets of the Montanists, which he defended with zeal and ability. Why he left the orthodox church is not certainly known. The treatment he received from the Roman clergy probably contributed to his departure from the dominant faith, much more than disappointed ambition at not being chosen bishop. It is certain that he came into personal collision with the clergy while at Rome, and that they treated him badly, out of envy and dislike. He lived to a great age, and died about 240. His works show that he was married—one of his tracts containing an address to his wife. The notices of his life, which we possess, are very scanty; and were it not for Jerome's notice of him, we should hardly have known anything whatever. This father says that Cyprian was accustomed to read some parts of his writings daily, and in calling for his books used to say—"Da magistrum" (Give me the master). The character of Tertullian was gloomy, severe, and fiery. He wrote with force and animation; but his genius was wild and unchastened. He had great erudition and legal knowledge. His writings also display acuteness and depth of feeling, with a vivid conception of the ideal. But he lacked judgment. His piety, indeed, was fervent and active, but austere and rigid. His diction is vigorous, but the style is so concise that it is harsh and difficult. With a rough energy, it disdains polish. There is no doubt, however, that he had uncommon power of intellect and emotion. Hence he succeeded in achieving for Christianity a literature of a peculiar character in the Punic-Latin dialect, and even in impressing a type upon Latin theology which it never lost. The writings of Tertullian are numerous. It is difficult to classify them properly. They are partly controversial and partly devotional, yet the former class have a devotional element in them, and the latter a controversial one. The polemical and devotional existed together in the soul of the writer, and could not be dissevered. His polemics are always on behalf of a strict morality. They have bitterness and irony; but these qualities do not contravene the grace of charity. It is not uncommon to classify his works according to the period when he was a Montanist. Some were written before, others after he became a Montanist. As this division cannot be carried out with exactness, a third class has to be made, consisting of works respecting which nothing certain can be said. The truth is, that Montanism is perceptible in them all. The idiosyncrasy of the man had that direction. We do not, therefore, think the three classes mentioned, which Bishop Kaye has made, to be the best possible division; though it may be convenient for some purposes. It would be better perhaps, though certainly not easier, to distribute the works, according to the nature of the subjects discussed, into apologetic, doctrinal, and moral, each separate treatise being put under one or other of the three classes, according to its prevailing tone. While he was yet a member of the orthodox church, he probably wrote—"De pœnitentia;" "De oratione;" "De baptismo;" "Ad uxorem;" "Ad martyres;" "De patientia;" "Adversus Judæos liber;" "De præscriptione hereticorum." After he became a Montanist, he wrote—"Adversus Marcionem;" "Adversus Praxeam;" "Scorpiace;" "De anima;" "De carne Christi;" "De resurrectione carnis;" "De corona militis;" "De virginibus velandis;" "De fuga in persecutione;" "De exhortatione castitatis;" "De monogamia;" "De jejuniis;" "De pudicitia," and probably "Adversus Valentinianos;" "Ad scapulam;" "De spectaculis;" "De idololatria;" "De cultu feminarum." Works about which nothing certain can be affirmed are—"Apologia;" "Ad nationes;" "De testimonio animæ;" "De pallio;" and "Adversus Hermogenem." Among his lost books were—"De paradiso;" "De spe fidelium;" "De vestibus Aaron;" "Ad amicum philosophum;" "De censu animæ," &c., &c. The best editions of his works are those of Ochler, Leipsic, 3 vols., 8vo, 1853; and of Semler, Halle, 6 vols., 