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TAY and noble in aspiration, faithful in counsel and overflowing with sympathy. In 1654 he published the "Real Presence of Christ in the blessed Sacrament proved against the Doctrine of Transubstantiation." The "Golden Grove" is the name of his catechism for children; and for some language in the preface reflecting sharply on presbyterians and independents, he was sent to prison. On being set at liberty he visited London, and officiated as opportunity offered. A second time was he imprisoned, Chepstowe castle being the scene of it. At this period he published a series of sermons for a year, and the "Unum Necessarium, or the doctrine and practice of repentance," a treatise which contains pelagian views on the tenet of original sin which are quite irreconcilable with the articles of the Anglican church. Many of his friends were on that account scandalized and grieved. After numerous trials, deepened by poverty, Taylor took refuge in Ireland, Cromwell giving him a passport. His residence was near Lisburn, and his patron was Lord Conway. Here he was dragged by an informer before the Irish privy council, and a severe illness was the consequence of the hard usage. In 1660 he again made a journey to London, and when there he signed the declaration of confidence in General Monk. Charles II. gave him the see of Down and Connor, and shortly after he was chosen vice-chancellor of the university of Dublin. He became a member also of the Irish privy council, and was intrusted with the administration of the small see of Dromore. Bishop Taylor laboured most industriously in his various spheres, but his episcopate was brief, for he was seized with fever on the 3rd of August, 1667, and after ten days' illness, died at Lisburn in the fifty-fifth year of his age. Taylor's last visit to London was in connection with the publication of his "Ductor Dubitantium." This is one of the most extraordinary books on casuistry ever written. Amidst much that is doubtful and much that is positively unsound, the "Ductor Dubitantium" abounds in the sharpest subtleties, the finest distinctions, and the quaintest reasonings. Duties and doubts are curiously analyzed, ethics and obligations are shrewdly untwisted and examined in threads, and cases of conscience are delicately balanced and nicely determined in the midst of much learned lumber, fantastic illustration, fabulous anecdotes, and inaccurate statements. The genius of Jeremy Taylor has been universally recognized, and his earnest piety ever makes itself manifest. His imagination was a predominant faculty; so that his pages are filled with the richest poetry. His illustrations are laid on with profusion, and are not always in the finest taste. He had no relish for the serene beauties of the classic style, but luxuriated in wantonness of fancy and intellect. His style has an antique air about it, quite in harmony with the old stories and examples which he lavished so abundantly on his readers. He must have been somewhat credulous too, as his allusions often testify. In a word, we cannot but admire a mind which strews its treasures so thickly that they encumber us with their variety and amount and a fancy so creative that its embroidery distresses the eye, with its gaudy fringes and Tyrian dyes. As Bishop Rust said, in his famous funeral sermon for him, "he had devotion enough for a cloister, learning enough for a university, and wit enough for a college of virtuosi." His collected works were published in 1829 in fifteen volumes octavo, with a Life by Bishop Heber, and in a more recent edition by Eden. Also, Life by Archdeacon Bonney, 1815.—J. E.  TAYLOR,, self-styled "the water poet," was born in 1580 at Gloucester, and, according to Wood, went to school there. In his education, according to his own account, he got no further than his accidence. At an early age he was bound apprentice to a London waterman. Perhaps his love of wandering led him to enter the navy; at any rate, according to a passage in his "Pennyless Pilgrimage," he was, when sixteen, at the taking of Cadiz in 1596, and afterwards at the Azores "in the Rainbowe of the Queene's." On his return, he plied his sculls on the Thames as a waterman, and was active against the encouragement of coaches and carriages. "At home," says Chalmers (Biographical Dictionary, sub voce), "he was many years collector for the lieutenant of the Tower, of the wines which were his fee from all ships which brought them up the Thames, but was at last discharged because he could not purchase the place at more than it was worth." He must have been well-known before 1618, when he published his "Pennyless Pilgrimage"—a description of a journey which he performed in that year from London to Edinburgh, and as far north as Elgin, "not carrying any money to and fro, neither begging, or asking for meat, drink, or lodgings." He was hospitably entertained at the seats of noblemen and gentlemen, and his work contains several curious traits of Scotland and the Scotch. On his return journey, he mentions, he received a gratuity at Leith from his "friend Mr. Benjamin Jonson," then also visiting North Britain. In 1630 he had published enough to issue a collective edition of his works. On the breaking out of the "great rebellion," Taylor, who was a fervid royalist, went to Oxford, where he opened a tavern, and wrote "pasquils" against the roundheads, which Wood opines were of service to the royal cause. A curious tract, like many of his writings half prose half doggerel, which he printed but did not dare to publish, describing a loyal pilgrimage which he made in 1648 to Newport in the Isle of Wight when Charles was imprisoned there, has been reprinted by Mr. Halliwell in the Literature of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries—"Taylor's Travels from London to the Isle of Wight." Meanwhile he had returned to London, and there he opened a public house, over which, on the death of the king, he suspended as long as he dared the sign of the mourning crown. One of the earliest of his many publications was his "Journey into Wales," published in 1652, at which time he kept the Poet's Head in Phœnix Alley, Long Acre. He died in 1654. In the Censura Literaria there is a list of Taylor's numerous pieces, the chief value of which lies in their interesting illustrations of the aspects, manners, &c., of the Britain of his day.—F. E.  TAYLOR,, a learned nonconformist divine, was born near Lancaster in 1694, and was educated at Whitehaven. He taught and preached at Kirkstead in Lincolnshire, and subsequently took up his abode at Norwich, and then at Warrington, where he preached unitarian doctrines. He was the author of a work denying the doctrine of original sin; of a "Paraphrase on the Epistle to the Romans;" the "Scripture Doctrine of the Atonement;" a Hebrew and English Concordance; and "A Sketch of Moral Philosophy." His "Scheme of Scripture Divinity," being a selection of his various sermons, discourses, &c., was not published until after his death in 1761.—F.  TAYLOR,, a learned English philologist and divine, the son of a barber at Shrewsbury, was born there in 1704. He was educated at the Shrewsbury grammar-school, and at St. John's college, Cambridge, to which latter he was sent partly at the expense of the school and partly by the liberality of an old gentleman whom his father used frequently to shave. He rose gradually and rapidly in reputation as a scholar, and obtained several important collegiate appointments. In 1739 he published his translation of Lysias, which was highly praised. In 1740 he took the degree of LL.D., became a member of Doctors' commons in 1742, and in 1744 was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Lincoln. He also held the rectory of Lawford, Essex, and the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and in 1757 became canon-residentiary of St. Paul's. His chief works, besides that above named, were—"An Explanation of the Marmor Sandvicense;" "Two Orations of Demosthenes and Lycurgus;" an edition of Demosthenes; and "Elements of the Civil Law." He died April 14, 1766.—F.  TAYLOR,, Chevalier, an English oculist, who obtained, by an admixture of charlatanry and skill, considerable repute in the last century. Taylor himself asserts that he received a good, general medical education, and afterwards turned his attention to the eye. In 1727 he published a treatise on the mechanism of the globe of the eye, which first appeared at Norwich, and three years afterwards was republished in London. He was made oculist to the king; and in 1733 he left England for Holland, whence he proceeded through Europe, visiting the different courts, and practising in the different towns. Despite his charlatanry and vanity, he is said to have been a skilful operator, and some of his operations were commended by Haller and other authorities. He travelled for thirty years, and then published "Anecdotes of his life." In 1767 he announced his intention of settling at Paris, where it is believed he soon afterwards died. He was the author of treatises on diseases of the crystalline lens, strabismus, and on the immediate seat of vision. He styled himself M.D., and fellow of the College of Physicians of Basle.—F. C. W.  TAYLOR,, a celebrated architect, was born in London in 1714. The son of a stonemason, he was placed as a pupil with Sir Henry Cheere, a monumental sculptor. On leaving Cheere he was sent to Rome, but was shortly after compelled to return on account of the death of his father. 