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TAL 1834; and has ever since laboured for its improvement. His researches on that subject have been published from time to time in the Philosophical Transactions and the Philosophical Magazine, since 1839.—R.  TALFOURD,, a judge in the court of common pleas, and a distinguished essayist and dramatic writer, was the son of a brewer at Reading. He was born on the 26th of January, 1795, at Doxey, a suburb of Stafford, where his mother, whose maiden name was Noon, was on a visit to a relative. His parents being dissenters, he received the first part of his education at Mill Hill school, whence he removed to Reading grammar-school. From Dr. Valpy, the head master, he acquired that love for classical literature which was the inspiring genius of his best drama, "Ion." He acknowledged the debt by dedicating the play to his old master. At the age of eighteen he was placed with Mr. Chitty, the celebrated special pleader, as a pupil, and after four years' training began to practise on his own account. Though he always laboured diligently and conscientiously at his profession as a means of support, his heart was with literature and the drama. One of his earliest tasted pleasures at the theatre was derived from Addison's frigid play, Cato, which seemed to his eye to embody "visions of Roman constancy and classic grace." His literary aptitude became a useful means of augmenting his slender income. He reported law cases for the Times; wrote theatrical and other criticisms for the New Monthly Magazine, and articles for the Edinburgh Review. For some time also he was a parliamentary reporter. In 1821 he was called to the bar, and joined the Oxford circuit. In the same year he married the daughter of Mr. Rutt of Clayston, the editor of Priestley's works. His success at the bar was a source of surprise to the contemners of literary lawyers. His knowledge of law was good, but not profound; his excellent memory for cases stood him in great stead, while his sympathy with whatever is noble, just, and true made him the eloquent and impassioned advocate of a good cause. His most celebrated forensic efforts were—the defence, in 1835, of Mr. Tait the Edinburgh publisher from a charge of libel brought by one Richmond, a quondam agent of the government; the defence of the True Sun newspaper against a prosecution of the whig government; the defence of Moxon the publisher; and a reply on the trial of Cooper the chartist at Stafford. From 1833 he held a leading position on the Oxford circuit with Campbell, Ludlow, and Maule, and on their retirement he became exclusive leader. Having thus achieved professional success and acquired affluence, he obtained in 1835 other honours. In that year he published his fine drama, "Ion," which was put on the stage by his friend Macready, an old pupil of Chitty's and in that year he was returned to parliament by the electors of Reading, the home of his boyhood. He sat in the house of commons for six years, speaking seldom, but always in favour of liberal and generous measures. He was defeated in the election of 1841, but was returned again in 1847, and sat till he was made a judge, two years later. His legislative career was principally marked by the amendment of the law of literary copyright, which he accomplished not without difficulty, and with which his name will long be associated. He was again at Stafford in 1849 engaged in a cause, when he received the announcement from the lord-chancellor that he was selected to succeed Mr. Justice Coltman on the bench. His judicial career lasted but five years, and gave occasion for the display of the fine sympathies, and the enlightened views of justice tempered by kindness, which had always endeared him to a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. On the 13th of March, 1854, he was charging the grand jury at Stafford, and solemnly pointing out the mischiefs which arise from ignorance in the populace, and the separation between the upper and the lower classes, when he suddenly fell forward and died on the judgment-seat. In the words of his colleague, Judge Coleridge, "There he was, sitting administering justice; people were trembling at the thought of coming before him, when in an instant that eloquent tongue was arrested by the hand of death—that generous, unselfish heart was cold. He had one ruling purpose in life—the doing good to his fellow-creatures. He was eminently courteous and kind; generous, simple-hearted, of great modesty, of the strictest honour, of spotless integrity." Besides his dramas he published "Vacation Rambles," "Memorials of Charles Lamb," and various magazine articles, which were collected by a Philadelphia publisher in 1842.—R. H.  TALIACOTIUS, TAGLIACOZZIO, or TAGLIACOZZI, , a Bolognese surgeon, celebrated for his skill in restoring lost parts, was born at Bologna in 1546. He studied at the university of his native town under Cardan, obtained the doctorate at the age of twenty-four, and soon after was elected to the chair of anatomy and surgery. His reputation was made by a method of operating which he practised for the remedy of deformities, arising from the loss of the nose, lips, and ears. The possibility of restoring lost parts by transplanting portions of integument from other parts of the body had been previously recognized, amongst other writers by Alexander Benedictus and by Vesalius, but Taliacotius has the merit of defining and accurately describing the steps of an operation which, in his hands at least, proved frequently successful. His mode of proceeding was to raise a flap of skin from the front of the upper arm, and then to apply it to the previously scarified seat of the old nose, keeping the arm raised, and the hand applied to the forehead by means of a suitable dress or bandage until cicatrization and union had taken place. The new nose was then released from its connection with the arm by incision, and was ultimately pared into shape. The various steps of the operation it would be tedious to relate; it is sufficient to say that they occupied more than a month. It will be seen that in the Taliacotian operation the new organ was always taken from the body of the patient. Butler's coarse humour has therefore given a wrong description of the proceeding, although it immortalized the surgeon. Taliacotius' operation has now been completely superseded by the Oriental method, in which the cicatrized remains of the former nose are converted into fresh cut surfaces, and a triangular flap of skin is raised from the forehead, twisted and brought down, and kept in apposition with the raw surface until union is effected. Taliacotius died on November 7, 1599, in the fifty-third year of his age. A tablet to his memory is placed in one of the halls of Bologna, and the magistrates of that town erected a statue to him in which he was represented holding a nose in his hand. His published works are—"Epistola ad Hieronymum Merculiarem de naribus, multo ante abscissis, reficiendis," Francfort, 1587, 8vo: and "De Curtorum Chirurgia per insitionem libri duo," Venice, 1597, folio.—F. C. W.  TALIESIN, chief of the bards, is supposed to have flourished in the sixth century. His history has been greatly obscured by romantic fable, which has invested him with the attributes of a prophet and a magician. According to tradition he was the son of Henwg the bard, to whom he dedicated the church of Llanhenwg at Caerleon. He became the preceptor of Elphin, the son of Urien Rheged, at Aberllychwr. Once fishing at sea in a skin coracle, he was seized and carried off towards Ireland by pirates. His marvellous escape from the pirates, and his reception at the court of Gwyddno, lord of Ceredigion, form the basis of the romance or Mabinogi of Taliesin, written in the twelfth century, by Thomas the son of Einion Offeiriad. Taliesin is said to have died in Cardiganshire, where his grave is traditionally identified with a cairn at Aberystwith.—R. H.  TALLART,, Count, the descendant of an ancient family in Dauphiné, born 14th February, 1652. Early entering the army, he served under Condé and Turenne, and greatly distinguished himself, especially in Alsace. He rose at last in 1693, to the rank of lieutenant-general. The war having terminated with the peace of Ryswyk in 1697, Tallart was sent the following year as an ambassador to London, to treat about the succession to the throne of Spain. Hostilities being thereafter renewed, he was appointed to the command on the Rhine in 1702, and in 1703 was made Marshal of France. The same year he gained a great victory over the elector of Hesse at Spires, on which occasion he wrote to Louis, saying that "he had taken more standards than his majesty had lost soldiers." In 1704, however, he was defeated at Blenheim by Marlborough, made prisoner, and conveyed to England, where he remained seven years. On his return to France he was created Duc d'Hostun, and in 1726 nominated secretary of state. He died 20th March, 1728, leaving behind him the reputation rather of ambition than of talents.—J. J.  TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD, , created by Napoleon I. Prince de Benevento, one of the most astute and dexterous of modern politicians, was born at Paris on the 13th of February, 1754. He was the eldest of three sons, and of an ancient and honourable family. After his birth he was sent out to nurse, and he used to say with bitterness that he never remembered to have slept beneath his parents' roof. According 