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SUG of the ships, and he was obliged to return. He was afterwards appointed lieutenant of the Orphée, and was present at the taking of Port Mahon. At the naval battle off Cape Lagos in 1769, Suffren was again taken prisoner and removed to England. Two months afterwards, however, he returned to Toulon, and on account of the peace remained in inactivity until the year 1763. He was appointed captain in 1772, and commanded a vessel at the conquest of the isle of Grenada in 1779. The most important services rendered by Suffren to the French government were performed in the East Indies. He was appointed commander of the fleet designed to represent the French nation in the Indian seas. His achievements during this period are enumerated in an inscription on a medal which was struck in Provence in 1784. He is represented as having protected the Cape of Good Hope, taken Trinquemalé, delivered Gondelour, defended India, and won six glorious victories. Suffren was received with great demonstrations on his arrival at Versailles. When difficulties which seemed likely to terminate in a fresh war between France and England arose in 1787, Suffren was appointed to the command of the national fleet at Brest by Louis XVI. He was in ill health at the time, and died at Paris in 1788.—W. J. P.  SUGER, the Abbé of St. Denis, born of poor parents in 1087. He was brought up with the young prince, afterwards Louis VI. Suger was six years his junior, but a friendship sprung up between them, the prince looking upon Suger as an adviser and confidant. Time seemed only to strengthen their friendship; and when the prince became king, he appointed Suger to be his principal guide and counsellor. In 1122 Suger was made abbot of St. Denis, although he still held his political post. He not only reformed the society in which he moved, but all departments of the state as minister. He died in 1152, and was held in such respect that the epitaph on his tomb was simply—"Ci git l'Abbé Suger" (Here lies the Abbé Suger).—W. J. P.  SUHM,, a learned and eminent Danish writer, was born at Copenhagen on 18th October, 1728. Early in life he embraced the legal profession, and for a short while practised it; but having married the daughter of a rich Norwegian merchant, he found himself enabled to devote his time exclusively to literature. As his only son died young, he could all the more readily employ his wealth for the advancement of the interests of science. He freely opened his magnificent library to the public, greatly increasing every year its contents; and also printed at his own expense many excellent works. History was his favourite, but not his only pursuit, though it is principally as a historian that he will be remembered. It was the history of his native country that Suhm especially cultivated; and there appeared at intervals from his pen a series of learned works in which his object was to elucidate the whole annals of Denmark from the earliest period until the accession of the Oldenburg dynasty—viz., the "Origin of the Northern People;" "Odin and the Heathen Mythology;" "Critical History of Denmark in Pagan Times;" and "History of Denmark," the latter a work in 7 vols., published in 1782. All these display great erudition, and form a valuable magazine of materials for the student of Scandinavian history. Suhm died in 1798.—J. J.  SUICER,, born at Zurich in 1620; died at Heidelberg in 1705. He is still known by his excellent "Lexicon, sive Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus Patrum Græcorum."  SUICER,, a German divine and professor, was born at Zurich, 1644. He lectured on philosophy and the Greek language, and after having been pastor of Birmenstorf, was in 1704 appointed superintendent (Lutheran bishop) at Heidelberg, where he died in the following year. Besides some theological works, he wrote a "Compendium Physicæ Aristotelico-Cartesianæ."  SUIDAS, the author of the lexicon known by his name, lived probably in the tenth or eleventh century after Christ. The lexicon is arranged in alphabetical order, and contains a miscellaneous account of words, persons, and places. It is very badly planned, its original faults have been greatly increased by numerous interpolations. The work, however, with all its defects is valuable, as containing a great amount of literary information not elsewhere accessible. Many important extracts and quotations from authors whose works have perished are to be found in the ponderous tomes of Suidas. The author is by some supposed to have been a christian, but this is very uncertain, as the passages which favour this view may be interpolations. The standard edition is that by Dr. Gaisford, 3 vols., Oxford, 1834.—G.  SUISSETH or SWINSHED,, or (his christian name and surname being alike uncertain), an English mathematician and professor in the university of Oxford, flourished early in the fourteenth century, and retired into a monastery in 1350. He wrote a book called "Calculator, or Opus Aureum Calculationis," which is rare, and valued by the curious in old books.—W. J. M. R.  SULLA,, the name of a patrician Roman family—originally called Rufinus—the most illustrious member of which was, the famous dictator, who was born 138. Although his means were limited, he received a good education, was a proficient both in Greek and Roman literature, and was at an early age distinguished by his love of literature and of art. He was at the same time a leader among the fashionable young nobles of Rome, was the companion of actors and buffoons, and openly indulged in all kinds of debauchery. His original slender patrimony was increased by the bequests of his step-mother and of Nicopolis, one of his mistresses, who left him all their property. His fortune thus improved, he now became a competitor for public influence and honour, and in 107. was appointed quæstor, and served under Marius in the Jugurthan war. Although he was at first regarded with distrust as an effeminate profligate, he soon gained both the confidence of his general, and the affection of his soldiers. He commanded the horse in the battle of Cirta, and greatly contributed to the victory which the Roman army gained over Bocchus and Jugurtha. By his dexterity and duplicity he induced the Numidian king to betray his ally, and treacherously to deliver Jugurtha into the hands of the Romans. Sulla was exceedingly proud of this exploit, which reflected much more credit upon his cunning than upon his principles; and he caused a seal ring to be engraved representing the surrender of Jugurtha, which he continued to wear till his death. In the war against the Cimbri and Teutones (104 .) Sulla served under Marius as his legate, and made prisoner Copillus, a chieftain of the Tectosagæ. In the following year he acted as tribunus militaris, but in 102 he left Marius and joined the army of his colleague Lutatius Catulus: either, as Plutarch alleges, through the jealousy of Marius, who feared that his own fame might be eclipsed by that of his tribune; or, as others suppose, owing to the belief of Sulla that he could be much more useful under Catulus, whose military talents were not of a high order. At the close of the war against the Alpine tribes, which he conducted with great success, Sulla returned to Rome, where for several years he spent his time in licentious indulgences. In the year 94 ., he was an unsuccessful candidate for the prætorship, but in the following year he carried his election by a wholesale bribery of the people. In 92. he was sent as proprætor to Cilicia, with orders to restore Ariobarzanes to his kingdom of Cappadocia, from which he had been expelled by Mithridates—an enterprise in which he met with complete success. The rivalry between Marius and Sulla, or rather between the two great parties of which they were the respective leaders, now became very conspicuous, and a violent contest began for the command of the impending war against Mithridates; but open hostilities were for a time delayed by the outbreak of the social war, which for several years convulsed Italy. Sulla acquired great distinction by his brilliant exploits in this contest, and left no means untried to gain the goodwill of his soldiers, conniving even at their worst excesses. He was elected consul for the year 88 ., and obtained from the senate command of the Mithridatic war. But before he could set out on this enterprise, Marius, alarmed for his own pre-eminence in public affairs, with the help of the tribune, P. Sulpicius, brought about a revolution in Rome, expelled Sulla from the city, and deprived him of the command of the war. But when this decree was made known to his soldiers, who were strongly attached to their general, they mutinied, and clamoured loudly to be led to Rome. Sulla, nothing loath, put himself at the head of six legions, with the declaration that he was going to deliver the capital from its tyrants, and, marching against the city, took it by storm. A battle followed within the walls, in which Sulla was victorious. Marius fled for his life, leaving his adherents to be proscribed and put to death, and their property confiscated by his victorious rival. Having crushed his opponents, and made several changes in the constitution to render it more favourable to the aristocratic party, Sulla set out for Greece at the beginning of 87. He landed at Dyrrachium, and marched upon Athens, which Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, occupied with a powerful army. After <section end="351Zcontin" />