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STU  and abilities at length obtained the appointment of teacher of natural philosophy in the East India Company's military college at Addiscombe. About 1838 he became superintendent of the Victoria gallery at Manchester; and afterwards delivered scientific lectures in various parts of Britain. In 1844 he was elected a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, to whose Transactions he frequently contributed. His experimental researches in electricity were numerous and varied; most of them were published in a monthly journal of which he was the editor from 1836 to 1843, "The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism, and Chemistry."—W. J. M. R.  STURM,, a German divine, born at Augsburg in 1750, and died on the 26th August, 1786. He studied theology at Jena and Halle, and was afterwards appointed preacher of Magdeburg. In 1778 he obtained the offices of pastor at the church of St. Peter, and of scholarchus at Hamburg. Sturm was a man of most exemplary piety, and exercised a very salutary influence within, and by his writings without, the circle of his personal activity. His best known work is the "Betrachtungen über die Werke Gottes in Reiche des Natur und der Vorsehung auf alle Tage des Jahres," 1785. This work, which has been translated into most of the European languages, is well known in England by the name of "Sturm's Reflections." Its author is also favourably known in the field of sacred poetry, from collections of which he published.  STURM,, one of the greatest mathematicians of this century, was born at Geneva on the 29th of September, 1803, and died at Paris on the 18th of December, 1855. After teaching mathematics for some years privately at Geneva, he was appointed in 1830 professor of mathematics in the Collège Rollin at Paris. In 1840 he became professor of mathematical analysis in the Polytechnic school, and of mechanics in the Faculty of Sciences. In 1836 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. Amongst his numerous mathematical researches, the most celebrated is his memoir on the resolution of equations, in which he first published (1829) that most remarkable and important proposition since known as "Sturm's theorem."—W. J. M. R.  STURM,, an eminent German magistrate and statesman of the Reformation age, was born in 1489 at Strasburg, where his family had been distinguished citizens since the middle of the fourteenth century. He studied at Heidelberg and Freiburg, and after taking his master's degree lectured for several years in Freiburg on the Ethics and several other treatises of Aristotle. In 1506 he entered upon the study of theology, and attended at the same time the lectures of the celebrated jurist, Zasius; but having resolved to devote himself to a political life, he did not care to take a degree in either of these faculties. The famous humanist Wimpheling was the intimate friend of his father, and loved young Sturm as his own son; and it was no doubt under his influence that he gave up his design of studying for the priesthood, in spite of the earnest efforts of the Dominicans of Freiburg to gain the talented youth for their own order. He was deeply imbued with Wimpheling's love of classical studies, and became a member in 1514 of a literary society which was instituted in Strasburg for the cultivation of humane literature. Being consulted in 1522 by the elector-palatine on a reform of the university of Heidelberg, he recommended among other things that the study of scholastic theology should be discontinued, and that professors should be appointed to give exegetical lectures on the Old and New Testaments. Such advice revealed his sympathy with Luther. This sympathy he declared openly soon after; and when Wimpheling expressed his regret on this account he remarked—"If I am a heretic, it is you who have made me one," alluding to the principles which Wimpheling had taught him early in life. About the same time he was made a member of the municipal council of Strasburg, and distinguished himself so much by his wisdom and eloquence in its deliberations, that in 1526 he was elected chief magistrate. In this capacity he acted as the representative of his native city on a great many public occasions of ecclesiastical and political importance. A steady friend of the Reformation throughout all its vicissitudes; a constant promoter of concord beween the Saxon and Swiss reformers after the outbreak of the sacramental controversy; and co-operating zealously with Philip, the landgrave of Hesse, in his policy of a close "bund" or alliance between the German protestant princes and the Swiss reformed cantons against the catholic powers of the empire—he was never absent on any occasion of importance where these great interests were at stake. From 1525 to 1552 he acted no fewer than ninety-one times as the representative of Strasburg in matters of public concern; and the intimate knowledge of men and things which he was thus able to acquire made him a valuable assistant to Sleidan in his History of the Reformation, the greater part of which was revised and corrected by his hand. He died 30th October, 1553, and his memory is still honoured in Germany as that of a model christian patriot.—P. L.  STURM,, a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, to whom Germany owes the general diffusion of those sciences among her lower schools. He was born in 1635 at Hippelsheim in Bavaria, the son of an officer in the elector's household, who had been ruined by the Thirty Years' war. He was in consequence educated at the expense of a benevolent pastor at Nuremberg. He studied at Jena and at Leyden with distinction, and afterwards entered the church. In 1669 he found his true vocation in the appointment of professor of physical science at the university of Altdorf in Franconia, an office which he held for the remainder of his life, a period of thirty-four years. His practice of exhibiting experiments at his lectures made his classes very popular. He urged the introduction of mathematical studies in gymnasiums and other schools, where nothing beyond the elements of the classical languages had been taught previously. Sturm died in 1703.—R. H.  STURM,, a German humanist, "than whom," says Hallam, "scarce any one more contributed to the cause of letters in Germany," was born at Schleiden in the Eifel, 1st October, 1507. He devoted himself to classical learning in the universities of Liege and Louvain, where, together with the great hellenist Rutger Rescius, he established a printing-office. He then proceeded to Paris, where he kept a school, and in 1538 was appointed rector of the Strasburg gymnasium, which by his learning and zeal he raised to such renown, that in 1566 it was promoted to the rank of a university by the Emperor Maximilian II. His active sympathies for the Calvinistic cause drew upon him the hatred of the Lutherans, and after forty-four years' services he was removed from office. He died 3rd March, 1589. He enjoyed the highest authority with the scholars of almost all European countries, and numbered Roger Ascham and other men of note among his correspondents.— (See Sturmii de institutione scholastica opuscula omnia, ed. Hallbauer, Jenæ, 1730.)—K. E.  STURZ,, a German author, was born at Darmstadt, the 16th of February, 1736. He studied the law at Göttingen, Jena, and Giessen, and about 1760 became private secretary to Count Bernstorff at Copenhagen. Here he led a pleasant life, enjoyed the intercourse of Klopstock, and was soon promoted to an office in the Danish ministry for foreign affairs. In 1768 he attended King Christian VII. on his travels in France and England, but he became afterwards involved in the Struensee catastrophe. Broken down by sorrow and illness, he died at Bremen, 12th November, 1779. His life of Bernstorff and his "Letters of a Traveller" will preserve his memory as that of a clever and elegant prose writer.—K. E.  STYLE,, a law-writer, born in 1603, was educated at Oxford. His "Reports," published in 1658, folio, are the only cases extant of the common law courts for some years during the Commonwealth. He died probably in 1679.—D. W. R. <section end="348H" /> <section begin="348Zcontin" />SUAREZ or SUARESIUS,, "the last of the schoolmen," a voluminous writer on theology, philosophy, and jurisprudence, was born of a noble family at Grenada in Spain in 1548. The scholastic philosophy had declined long before his time; but his method of exposition is so thoroughly scholastic—his divisions and subdivisions are so technical and minute—that he is properly regarded as a schoolman risen up in a later generation of thinkers. After completing his studies at the university of Salamanca, he was desirous of being enrolled in the order of the jesuits; but his faculties were at that time either so obtuse, or his diligence had been so remiss, that it was with great difficulty he could obtain admission into their fraternity. He afterwards made up for his deficiencies, as his writings attest, consisting of twenty-three folio volumes filled with the most intricate subtleties, and the most interminable hair-splittings of theology and philosophy. The jesuits ultimately regarded him as the glory of their order—as their greatest theologian and metaphysician. Suarez was not only a voluminous author, he was also an active professor in many of the continental universities. In Spain, he taught philosophy at <section end="348Zcontin" />