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STU the parliamentary army for three years; he then returned to Oxford, where he took his M.A. degree, and was appointed sublibrarian of the Bodleian library, under Dr. Barlow. From this post he was shortly afterwards expelled on account of several violent pamphlets which he published reflecting upon the church and the universities. After his expulsion Stubbe retired to Stratford-upon-Avon, where he practised as a physician. At the Restoration he presented himself for confirmation before his diocesan, and was sent out to Jamaica in 1761 as king's physician. The climate disagreed with him, and he soon returned, establishing himself at Warwick. Great as the powers of Stubbe were, he seems to have had no principle, since after the Restoration he wrote against his old political friends. His writings though numerous, are now deservedly neglected. He was drowned in attempting to cross a river between Bath and Bristol on the 12th of July, 1766.—W. J. P.  STUBBS,, A.R.A., an eminent animal painter, was born at Liverpool in 1724. He appears to have been in the main self-taught, but at the age of thirty went to Italy for improvement. In his day he enjoyed great popularity. He chiefly painted horses and dogs; but he also painted tiger hunts and the like with great skill, and he sometimes attempted subjects of a more ambitious order, as in his picture of "Phaeton." Two of his best pictures, "The Eton Hunt" and "Blood Mares," are in the collection of the marquis of Westminster. Stubbs published in 1766 a very useful work on "The Anatomy of the Horse," and a series of thirty plates as a "Comparative Anatomical Exposition of the Structure of the Human Body with that of a Tiger and a common Fowl." He was elected A.R.A. in 1780, and R.A. in 1781, but declined to accept the latter honour. He died on the 10th of July, 1806. Many of his pictures were engraved by Woollett, Earlom, Green, and other eminent engravers, and some by his son George Townley Stubbs, born in 1756; died in 1815.—J. T—e.  STUBBS or STUBBE,, a lawyer and political writer, born about 1541. According to Strype, he was educated at Corpus Christi college, Cambridge. He afterwards removed to Lincoln's inn for the study of the law. When the duke of Anjou became a suitor for the hand of Queen Elizabeth, Stubbs, who was a puritan, wrote a satirical pamphlet against the alliance. For this he was persecuted and condemned to lose his right hand. This punishment, which was inflicted with great barbarity with a butcher's knife and mallet, was borne by Stubbs with fortitude, and as soon as it was completed he lifted his hat with his left hand saying, "God save the Queen." He wrote several works afterwards with his left hand, signing himself "Scæva," in allusion to his mutilation. He died about 1600.—W. J. P.  STUERBOUT,, commonly called , was the first of the distinguished Dutch painters. He was born at Haarlem early in the fifteenth century. Neither the exact date of his birth nor his death is known, but in 1468 he was commissioned to paint two large pictures for the town-hall of Louvain, illustrating the well-known "golden legend "in which the Emperor Otho III., in 985, orders his empress to be burnt for falsely accusing a gentleman of attempting to dishonour her. These pictures, painted in oil in the style of Memling and the Van Eycks, are wonderful works for their period. They were in the town-hall at Louvain until 1827, when they were acquired by the late king of Holland; they are now in the Brussels gallery. Stuerbout received two hundred and thirty crowns for them; they were recently offered for sale in this country, but at too high a price to find a purchaser. At the king of Holland's sale in 1850, they were bought in for £750.—R. N. W.  STUKELEY,, an eminent English antiquary, was born on the 7th of November, 1687, at Holbeach in Lincolnshire. He was educated first at the free-school there, and in 1703 was admitted into Bene't college, Cambridge. Destined for the medical profession, he was accustomed while at college to make botanizing excursions with Dr. Hales, Dr. John Gray, and others, and made so many additions to Ray's Catalogue of Plants around Cambridge as to furnish materials for a new edition of the work. He took his degree of M.B. in 1709, and went to study the practice of medicine under Dr. Mead at St. Thomas' hospital, London. He first became a practitioner at Boston, but in 1717 removed to London, where he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and laboured to revive the Society of Antiquaries, of which he became secretary. After taking his degree of M.D. in 1719 he was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1720, and became Gulstonian lecturer in 1722. His lecture on the spleen was published in 1723. The bent of his mind, however, was more clearly seen in his previously published accounts of "Arthur's Oon" and "Graham's Dyke" in Scotland. In the hope of finding some remains of the Eleusinian mysteries in free masonry he obtained admittance into the order, and was made master of a lodge in 1723. Three years later he quitted London for Grantham, where he entered upon an extensive and fashionable practice. Being, however, a great sufferer from the gout, he frequently spent the spring of the year in travelling about the country, and thus collected materials for his "Itinerarium Curiosum"—a valuable repertory of antiquarian information, mingled with much singular and ill-founded speculation. Weary of his profession, he in 1729, at the invitation of Archbishop Wake, entered into holy orders, and at once obtained the living of All Saints, Stamford, to which were soon added other preferments. When no longer a physician he obtained an effectual remedy for the gout in Rogers' oleum arthriticum, combined with a simple regimen and abstinence from fermented liquors. He continued writing and publishing various works on antiquities and coins, both Roman and British, and received from his friends the title of "Arch Druid." His discoveries at Stonehenge and Abury, and his speculations upon the origin of the Celtic monuments there, seemed to justify this title for the doctor. In 1747 the duke of Montagu presented him to the rectory of St. George's, Bloomsbury, where, and at Kentish Town, he continued to reside until his death, which took place after a paralytic stroke on the 3rd of March, 1765. For a list of his numerous works Watt's Bibliotheca and Lowndes' Manual may be consulted. Their value was rightly appreciated by Gibbon when he said, "I have used his materials, and rejected most of his fanciful conjectures."—(Nichols' Anecdotes, v., 499.)—R. H.  * STÜLER,, a distinguished German architect, was born at Berlin in 1800. He was a pupil of Schinkel, and remained with him as assistant till about 1830. He first attracted notice by various architectural and ornamental designs, published in professional journals. His early buildings were chiefly of consequence from having secured the notice of the king, Frederick-William IV., who, from about 1840, became his warm patron. Amongst the many important buildings which he erected for the king, were the churches of St. James, St. George, St. Matthew, &c., in Berlin; the Chapel royal; several new saloons in the palace of Potsdam; the royal porcelain manufactory, and other government works. But his most important buildings were the new museum, a large and costly structure; and the still more magnificent exchange, the large model of which formed a conspicuous feature in the nave of the international Exhibition of 1862, and is now in the South Kensington museum. For private patrons he erected the mansion of the grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and many other costly buildings in Berlin and its vicinity. Out of Prussia his chief works are the New Winter palace at St. Petersburg, the exchange at Frankfort, &c. Stüler is considered the ablest of the scholars of Schinkel. His style, like that of his master, is "classic," but it is by no means of the "severe" character of some of our leading English classicists. In all his works there is a great deal of ornamentation, and the ornament is not always pure. Several of his buildings are Italian in style.—J. T—e.  STURGE,, politician and philanthropist, was born at Elberton, Gloucestershire, in August, 1793. He belonged to an old Quaker family. He established himself as a corn-dealer first at Bewdley and then at Birmingham, acquiring considerable wealth. He devoted his surplus energies to politics and philanthropy, was one of the leaders of the English antislavery movement, organized another for "complete suffrage," and was of great service to the anti-corn-law league. He was an active promoter of the peace congresses on the continent, which assembled after the French revolution of 1848, and with Messrs. Pease and Charlton reconstituted the deputation from the Society of Friends which went to St. Petersburg, just before the breaking out of the Crimean war, to persuade the Emperor Nicholas to adopt a policy of peace. He died 14th May, 1859.—F. E.  STURGEON,, an eminent English electrician, was born in 1783 at Whittington, near Lancaster, and died at Prestwich, near Manchester, on the 8th of December, 1850. He was bred to his father's trade of shoemaking, which he quitted to enlist in the Westmoreland militia. He afterwards served about twenty years in the royal artillery; and through his good <section end="347Zcontin" />