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RAY Jourdain, count of Toulouse, and of Faydide d'Usez his wife. He succeeded to the title on the death of his father in 1148. A few years after that event he engaged in a war with Roger Trincavel, viscount of Carcassonne, who had renounced his suzerainty, and had done homage to the count of Barcelona. In 1153 he took Trincavel prisoner, together with several of his supporters, among others William VII., the lord of Montpellier, whom he detained till the following year. About the same time Raymond married Constance of France, sister of Louis le Jeune. He was not long allowed to remain at peace. His old enemy the viscount of Carcassonne, having leagued himself with Henry II. of England, the count of Barcelona, and the viscount of Narbonne, declared war, and laid siege in 1159 to Toulouse, which Louis le Jeune, as an ally of Raymond, defended in person. Repulsed, notwithstanding repeated attacks, Henry II. made peace with Louis, leaving his allies to carry on the war, who also, in 1163, were forced to conclude a disadvantageous peace with Raymond. About this time emissaries arrived at his court at St. Gilles from the emperor, urging him to organize a new crusade. Events, however, prevented him from complying with this request. On the election of Paschal III. to the pontifical chair, Raymond, who had given him his support, was excommunicated by his opponent Alexander III., principally at the instigation of the emperor of Germany. The quarrel was of short continuance, for soon after, with the sanction of the pontiff, he obtained a divorce from Constance of France, with a view to marrying Richilde of Provence, and thus obtain possession of that marquisate. This scheme was opposed by Alfonso, king of Arragon, who asserted his claims with success. After a turbulent life Raymond died at Nîmes in 1194. This count of Toulouse has been much celebrated by the troubadours, of whom he was a warm admirer and patron.

VI., called, was the son of Raymond V. and Constance de France. He was born in 1156, and succeeded on the death of his father, on the 6th January, 1195, to the titles of count of Toulouse, duke of Narbonne, and marquis of Provence. At the commencement of his career he quarreled with the church, and in 1196 was excommunicated by Pope Celestine III. In the same year he repudiated his wife, Bourguigne of Cyprus, whom he had married during the lifetime of his father, and espoused Jane, the daughter of Henry II. of England, and sister of Richard Coeur de Lion. On her death in 1199 he married Eleanor of Arragon. About this time the heresy of the Albigeois began to attract the notice of the Church of Rome, and in 1198, 1202, and 1204 Pope Innocent III. sent his legates into the country if possible to extinguish the heresy. Raymond, who by disposition was tolerant, and little disposed to make matters of opinion a source of discord between himself and his subjects, found himself considerably annoyed by the interference of Pierre de Castelnau, the ambassador of the pope at his court. A conference between them took place at St. Gilles in 1208, but without any results beyond increasing the breach, and soon after the legate, fearing personal violence, prepared to quit the country. On entering a boat to cross the Rhine, he was attacked by two assassins, and died shortly after. It has never been proved that Raymond was privy to the murder, although his diffidence in the pursuit of the assassins lays him open to some suspicion. He soon, however, experienced the consequences of the deed. Innocent III. proclaimed a crusade against him. It was in vain he endeavoured to stay the torrent thus launched against him, by offering to surrender to the legate Milon seven of the strongest towns in his dominions—his ruin had been determined on. In the summer of 1209 a formidable army had assembled on the banks of the Rhine, and Raymond himself, as the price of his pardon by the Holy See, was compelled to serve in it against his own subjects. The campaign opened with the siege of Beziers, which, after a heroic defence, surrendered. Twenty-four thousand men lost their lives in the massacre which followed. It was on this occasion that the Abbé de Citeaux is reported to have said, when observing the crusaders timid lest they should kill the orthodox with the heretics—"Kill all, God will know who are his." Simon de Montfort was now at the head of the crusaders, and some differences having broken out between him and Raymond, the unfortunate count was excommunicated for the third time, and in 1210 proceeded to Rome to defend himself before Pope Innocent III. Alarmed for the safety of his dominions, he returned to their defence. In 1211 the crusaders invested Toulouse, but were defeated by Raymond. They, however, made good their loss by a successful repulse of an attack made by him at Castelnaudary. After this event much time was lost in manœuvres. It was not till 12th September, 1213, that the belligerents met under the walls of Muret. The battle was well contested, but victory again crowned the arms of the crusaders, and Toulouse denuded of defenders fell into their hands. The cause of Raymond was now hopeless. In 1215 the council of Lateran having declared his estates forfeited, conferred them on De Montfort. The capital in the following year having declared for Raymond was given over to pillage, but no sooner had De Montfort and his forces removed from the scene than the inhabitants again revolted, and summoned Raymond from the place of his concealment in the neighbourhood to head them. He obeyed their call, and on 10th September, 1217, was again in the field to meet his old enemy, who was advancing against him with one hundred thousand men. In an attack on the city De Montfort lost his life, some say by the hand of a woman, and once more the cause of Raymond was predominant. In 1219 Louis, the son of Philip Augustus, king of France, attempted to take Toulouse, but failed. Raymond died in 1222, having succeeded in re-establishing himself on the throne of his ancestors. He was married five times, but is only known to have had two children, Raymond, surnamed the Young, and Constance or Clémence, who was married to Sancho, king of Arragon.—W. J. P.  RAYMOND,, Lord, was born in 1673, his father Sir Thomas Raymond, having been a puisne judge of the common pleas, and afterwards of the queen's bench. In 1694 he was called to the bar, having already acquired the reputation of an accomplished lawyer. In 1702 he was counsel for the prosecution of one Hathaway, accused of drawing blood from a supposed witch, and his conduct of the case tended greatly to dispel the superstitions which were still current with regard to witchcraft. He entered parliament in 1710, as member for Lymington, and became solicitor-general under the tory administration. On the death of George I. he went out of office, and continued in opposition for six years. In 1720 he was induced to take office as attorney-general in the administration of Lord Stanhope, together with Walpole and Townshend; but finding his position at the bar and in the house of commons unpleasant in consequence of his change of principles, "he," says Lord Campbell, "astonished the world by sinking into a puisne judgeship of the court of king's bench." In 1725, on the death of Chief-justice Pratt, he became chief-justice in his own court, and presided there for seven years with great distinction. He was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Raymond, of Abbots-Langley, Herts, where he had an estate. He first laid down the law that the publication of an obscene libel is a misdemeanour; and in the case of the warden and deputy-warden of the Fleet he ruled that gross neglect of a prisoner, resulting in death, amounts to manslaughter. Throughout life, he was an assiduous reporter of the cases which came before the courts, and many of his own judgments, reported by himself, are still referred to. He was made a privy councillor, and whenever George I. or George II. left the kingdom, he was one of the lords justices appointed to exercise the royal authority, but took no part in general politics. He died in 1733, leaving one son, who died without issue, and the title thus became extinct.—F. M. W.  RAYNAL,, was born in 1711, at St. Geniez, in the province of Rouergue in France. He entered early into the Society of the Jesuits, and on taking priest's orders distinguished himself as a preacher. His love of independence, however, before long induced him to leave the church, and he adopted literature for his profession, and Paris for his residence. Having successfully cultivated the acquaintance of several influential men, he became editor of the Mercure de France, and wrote various works marked by a declamatory style and superficial character, from which, notwithstanding, he is said to have derived considerable profit. In 1770 appeared his greatest production, the "Histoire Philosophique des Etablissements des Européens dans les deux Indes," which largely enhanced his reputation. It was several times reprinted, both in France and other countries. With a view to the publication of a more correct edition, the author travelled in Holland and England; and when in the latter country he was honoured, we are told, with an unusual token of distinction, for, on his visiting the house of commons, the speaker ordered business to be suspended till he was accommodated with a convenient seat. But the irreligious and 