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QUE which he took in promoting the union with England. But he was liberally rewarded by the government; a pension of £3000 a year was settled upon him; the whole patronage of Scotland was vested in his hands; and he was created a British peer by the title of Duke of Dover.—, third duke, like his father, held various important public offices; but his memory has been preserved mainly by the kindness which he and his duchess—Prior's "Kitty, beautiful and young"—showed to the poet Gay, which gave such offence to George II. that they were forbidden the court. Her grace, who was the daughter of Henry, earl of Clarendon, was celebrated for her beauty, wit, and sprightliness, and no less for her eccentricity, which verged on insanity. By her intrigues and falsehoods she induced her eldest son to marry Lady Elizabeth Hope, under the belief that another lady to whom he was strongly attached had slighted him and married his rival. A few weeks after his marriage, on his journey to London, the unhappy youth discovered the heartless fraud perpetrated by his mother, and immediately shot himself, on the 19th of October, 1754, in the thirty-second year of his age. His younger brother died two years after, and thus the poor old duke was left childless in his lifetime. On his death in 1778, in the eightieth year of his age, his immense estates and Scottish titles devolved on his cousin, the notorious libertine,, earl of March and Ruglen—"Old Q," as he was popularly termed. He was born in 1725, succeeded his father in the earldom of March in 1731, and his mother in the earldom of Ruglen in 1748—thus uniting in his person three distinct peerages—and was created a British peer by the title of Lord Douglas in 1786. Although he took very little part in political events, few men of his day acquired greater notoriety, or were more an object of inquiry and speculation. He died unmarried in 1810, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. His personal property exceeded a million. A large portion of it was bequeathed to the marquis of Hertford, a congenial spirit. Wordsworth has indignantly denounced the conduct of this "degenerate Douglas, unworthy lord," in cutting down the fine old trees at Neidpath castle, to impoverish the estates which the entail had placed beyond his control.—J. T.  QUELLINUS or QUELLIN,, called the Young, was born at Antwerp in 1607, and received a classical education before he took to painting. He was the scholar of J. B. Verhaeghe in 1633, and studied also some time under Rubens, but he never visited Italy. He married first in 1634, and a second time in 1663; and died in 1678. He belongs to the greater Flemish historical painters, and also excelled in portraits.— was his son by his first marriage, and was born in 1634 at Antwerp. His father brought him up as a painter, and sent him early to Italy, though Erasmus Quellinus had not had that advantage himself. In 1660 he was admitted into the guild of St. Luke, and in 1662 he married the daughter of the celebrated Teniers, then twenty-two years old, and by whom he had a family of eleven children. John Erasmus was a rapid and a facile painter, and executed many important works for his native city; he was also appointed court painter to the Emperor Leopold I., and he is considered the last of the great Flemish masters who maintained the honour of the school after Rubens had gained it so wide a renown. His wife died in 1706, but the date of his own death is not known, though 1715 is given as the year in some accounts. He was still living in 1709, when he held the dignity of painter to the Emperor Joseph I. The gallery of Antwerp contains some fine works by this painter, and by his father. The "Pool of Bethesda," by his son, is a vast and magnificent picture.— (Catalogue du Musée D'Anvers.)—R. N. W.  QUERCIA,, one of the earliest of the great Italian sculptors of the Revival, was born near Siena about 1374. Till towards the close of his life, Della Quercia worked chiefly in Lucca, Bologna, and Florence. He studied more directly from nature than his predecessors, and he was one of the first among modern sculptors who was really successful in rilievi. In Lucca he executed a mausoleum for the wife of Paolo Guinigi, in the church of San Martino, which was greatly admired, and of which some of the rilievi are now in the gallery of Florence; also, a magnificent marble altar for the church of S. Friano. At Bologna his principal work was the great doorway of the church of S. Petronio. On this, which was in marble, and decorated with rilievi from the Old Testament, statues of the Virgin and Child, S. Petronio, &c., Della Quercia was engaged for twelve years, and it was thought to surpass any previous work of the kind. On its completion he went to Florence, where he carved the Assumption of the Virgin above the doorway of Sta. Maria del Fiore. Returning to his native place he was employed to erect the great fountain on the piazza of Siena, a magnificent work (now ruinous), in the centre of which he placed a figure of the Virgin surrounded by the Cardinal Virtues, and on the base rilievi of subjects from the scriptures. Thenceforward the artist lived in honour in Siena, designated by his fellow-citizens Jacopo della Fonte, in testimony of the great work with which he had adorned the city. He died at Siena in or about 1438.—J. T—e.  QUERLON,, an eminent French journalist, was born of poor parents at Nantes in 1702. He studied at Paris for the bar, and passed as an advocate, but devoted his energies to literature. For eight years he was keeper of the MSS. in the Royal library. Afterwards for twenty-two years he conducted the Petites Affiches de Province, for five years the Gazette de France, and for two years the Journal Etranger. He was also connected with the Journal Encyclopedique, and the Avant Coureur. He edited the works of many Latin and French authors, and enriched them with prefaces and notes. During the latter years of his life he acted as librarian to Beaujon, a rich financier. He died at Paris, 22d April, 1780.—D. W. R.  QUESNAY,, a celebrated French physician and surgeon, was born at Mérei, near Montfort-l'Amaury, a small town of the Isle of France, in 1694. According to one account his father was a labourer or small farmer; according to another, he was a lawyer addicted to agricultural pursuits. Be this as it may, the son received no education except that of a farmer's boy until he reached the age of twelve, according to one account sixteen. He then came across the Maison Rustique of Liébault, and was so attracted with the book that he learned to read with the help of the gardener. He soon made rapid progress, reading every book he could procure, and studied Latin and Greek. He became the pupil of the village surgeon, and ultimately went to Paris for the purpose of completing his medical education. He studied at the Hotel-Dieu, and added to his other acquirements some mathematics and metaphysics. He then settled as a surgeon at Mantes, became surgeon-major to the Hotel Dieu there, and attracting the notice of Marshal de Noailles was recommended by him to the queen, who consulted him. M. de la Peyronie invited him to settle in Paris in 1737, made him perpetual secretary to the Academy of Surgery, and obtained for him the appointment of surgeon-in-ordinary to the king. To the first volume of Memoirs of the Academy of Surgery Quesnay wrote an able preface, which enhanced his reputation. He continued to practise as a surgeon until 1744, when he was compelled by gout to give up the manual part of the profession, and to turn his attention to physic. During the campaign of that year, in which he had followed Louis XV., he received the degree of M.D. from the university of Pont-a-Mousson. In the latter part of his life the agricultural tastes which had been fostered by his early education revived. He called the attention of government to the depressed condition of the population in the agricultural districts, and although he never supported the extravagant doctrines of the sect, he may he considered as the chief of the économistes. At the age of seventy he applied himself to mathematics, and fancied that he had discovered the two great problems of trisection of an angle and the quadrature of the circle. He lived to eighty. Louis XV., from his habits of abstraction, used to call him "son penseur," and gave him three pansies or pensées for his arms. Quesnay died in December, 1744. He was the author of an essay on bloodletting, "L'Art de Guerir par la Saignée," Paris, 1736; an "Essai Physique sur l'Economie Animale," 1736; "Recherches critiques et historiques sur l'origine, sur les divers etats, et sur les progrés de la chirurgie en France," 1744; a treatise on suppuration, and one on gangrene, 1749; a treatise on continued fevers, 2 vols., 1753, &c.—F. C. W.  QUESNEL,, was born in Paris, 14th July, 1634, and was descended from an old Scottish family of rank. After completing his theological studies at the Sorbonne, he entered in 1657 the congregation of the Oratory of Jesus, and two years later received priestly orders. At the age of twenty-eight he was made president of the Institute of the Congregation in Paris; and it was in this office that he commenced and published the first parts of his celebrated work on the New Testament, which involved him in life-long troubles with the jesuits and the court of Rome. In its earliest shape it consisted simply of 