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SCH MSS. in the Bodleian, and resided at Oxford for some time. He also visited Cambridge, and made additions to the catalogue of Oriental MSS. in the university library. After returning to his native land, he became professor of Oriental languages in the Athenæum at Amsterdam. Having lived there five years, he succeeded his father at Leyden, where he died of consumption in 1793. This Schultens was an excellent Oriental scholar, who was unhappily cut off in the prime of life. During his short career he laboured with uncommon industry, and published many works, as—"Anthologia Sententiarum Arabicarum," 4to, with a Latin version and notes; "Specimen Proverbiorum Meidani ex versione Pocockiana," 4to; "Pars versionis Arabicæ libri Colais lah wa Dimnab," 4to; "De ingenio Arabum;" "De finibus literarum Orientalium proferendis;" "De Studio Belgorum in litteris Arabicis excolendis," &c. He also wrote various articles in the Bibliotheca Critica of Wyttembach.—S. D.  SCHULTING,, a Dutch jurist of note, was born at Nimeguen, July 23, 1659. He studied at Leyden, and in 1694 became professor at the academy of Harderwick, whence in 1713 he was called to a chair at Leyden. He died 12th March, 1734. His best work is "Jurisprudentia Antejustinianæa," 1716, which is still considered to be of great value.—K. E.  * SCHULTZ,, a German medical professor, was born at Alt-Ruppin on the 8th of July, 1798. He became a private teacher in the university of Berlin in 1822, and an ordinary professor three years afterwards. Schultz is an ingenious and eminent vegetable physiologist, who has laboured zealously and with no small measure of success in the department of science to which he has principally devoted attention, and is well known for his discovery of the lactiferous tissues in plants. In his work entitled "The Universal Doctrine of Disease," will be found an exposition of most of his peculiar theories.  SCHULZE,, a distinguished German poet, was born at Celle, 22nd March, 1789. While a student at Göttingen he won the love of an accomplished young lady, Cæcilie Tychsen, whose sudden death in the bloom of youth inspired him with the plan of an epic poem in twenty books, which immortalizes her name (Cæcilie). Still more popular is his "Enchanted Rose," which was translated into English by Caroline de Crespigny, Heidelberg, 1844. In 1814 Schulze served as a volunteer against the French, but after the restoration of peace he rapidly sank and died of consumption in his native town, 29th June, 1817. His poetical works, edited after his death by Professor Bouterwek, show great fluency of diction, and a deep and true poetical sense.—K. E.  SCHUMACHER,, a celebrated Danish astronomer, was born at Bramstedt in Holstein, on the 3rd of September, 1780, and died at Altona on the 28th of December, 1850. He studied at the university of Göttingen, where he took the degree of doctor of laws in 1806. After having been for a time a professor-extraordinary at the university of Copenhagen, he became, in 1813, director of the observatory of Mannheim, which post he held till 1815. He was then appointed professor of astronomy at Copenhagen, member of the Danish Academy of Sciences, and director of the observatory of Altona. He conducted the measurement of the Danish arc of the meridian. From 1823 until 1850 he was the editor of the well-known "Astronomische Nachrichten," published at Altona. Amongst his numerous astronomical and mathematical writings were some very valuable tables of lunar distances.—W. J. M. R.  SCHUMANN,, a musician, was born at Zwickau in Saxony, 8th June, 1810, and died at Endenich, 29th July, 1856. His father was a bookseller, and also a man of letters, having translated the poems of Byron into German, and produced some original works. Schumann evinced an early disposition for music; having had no instruction in harmony, he composed some choral and instrumental pieces in his eleventh year for performance by his schoolmates. He had to contend with the wishes of his parents in choosing this art as the pursuit of his life; his mother at least was strongly opposed to his predilection, and his father dying when the young enthusiast was but sixteen, she became the sole arbitress of Schumann's career. He accordingly was sent to Leipsic in 1828 to study jurisprudence, and he proceeded thence to Heidelberg the year following, where at a students' concert he made his only public performance on the pianoforte. He had taken lessons on this instrument, while at Leipsic, of F. Wieck, a distinguished teacher, who succeeded in persuading his mother to withdraw her objection to Schumann's adopting music as a profession. His father had bequeathed him such a competence as rendered him independent of the drudgery of his craft; thus he had never to toil as a teacher, but could devote his entire energies to the cultivation and the exercise of his artistic powers. Rejoiced at his emancipation from the uncongenial study of the law, he returned to Leipsic to follow with ardour his new pursuit. In the hope of overcoming the disadvantage of his late commencement of the systematic study of the pianoforte, Schumann applied his ingenuity to the discovery of some mechanical means for giving agility to the fingers, and so lessening the period of practical exercise. He kept his endeavour for some time a secret, but it was too soon revealed by the unfortunate effect it produced; the machine he employed to supersede practice, so violently strained the muscles of the third finger of his right hand, that he lost the use of it for ever. In 1831 he commenced the study of composition under H. Dorn, now (1862) kapellmeister in Berlin, who was his only theoretical instructor. The mental infirmity which gave the saddest colour to the last years of Schumann's life, was a hereditary disease—his eldest sister having lost her reason, and other members of his family having been to a greater or lesser extent similarly afflicted. His first attack was in the autumn of 1833, immediately induced, it is supposed, by grief for the death of his brother's wife. During this aberration he was rescued from throwing himself out of his bedroom window on the fourth story, the memory of which escape was such a ceaseless source of terror to him, that he never afterwards would sleep in a room above the ground floor. He began in 1834 the publication of the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, of which journal he was ten years the editor, conductor, and principal writer. The articles he contributed to this paper are celebrated as some of the most genial and intelligent examples of musical criticism extant, and they secure for their author a high esteem as a writer on his art, wholly independent of his character as an artist; they are chiefly signed "Florestan und Eusebius," under which pseudonym also his first musical compositions were printed, as though he had been careful to feel the ground in his long-prohibited course, and anxious not to compromise his name by owning his immature productions. His attachment to Clara Wieck, the justly famous pianist, daughter of his old master, forms an important feature of this period of his life. She was born at Leipsic in 1819; her father long opposed their union, but they were married September 12, 1840, and under the name of Schumann she has still extended her former reputation, while she has added not a little to that of her husband by her sympathetic performance of his music. Emulous of any distinction which, by raising him in general estimation, might make him seem worthier of his bride, he applied to the university of Jena for the degree of doctor of music, offering to write either a literary essay or a musical composition as the preliminary exercise. The university, however, dispensed with this form, content to grant him the diploma in acknowledgment of the works he had already brought before the world, and his doctorship is dated the 22nd of February in the year of his marriage. It is supposed that he felt slighted by not being appointed conductor of the Gewandhaus concerts, and was therefore no longer content to remain in Leipsic. From whatever cause, he quitted that city and gave up his journal in 1844, to undertake the direction of a vocal society in Dresden, rendered vacant by the departure of Ferdinand Hiller. He removed in 1850 to Düsseldorf, to fill the appointment of music director; but whatever his other talents, he had never any qualifications for a conductor, and his inefficiency for the office increased with the rapid growth of his fatal malady, to such an extent that his band, who idolized him on his first arrival, at last refused as a body to play under him. He made a professional tour with Madame Schumann to Russia, and another to Holland. His disease had now increased to the utmost; he was haunted by the imaginary sound of one single note, from which he never could free himself, and which became his perpetual torment. A peculiar phase of nervous irritability made him suppose all musical performances to be too quick, and this groundless fancy caused him such painful excitement, that at last he could not bear to hear music at all. He was subject to fits of silent abstraction; and though he liked to have his friends near him, he would sometimes pass hours in their society without uttering a word. On the 27th of February, 1854, he had been thus seated for some time, when he quietly left his companions, and quitting home unobserved he threw himself 