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SCH the commencement of the partnership between Guttenberg and Fast, by whom he was employed in their office at Mayence. Trithemius says that he discovered the more easy method of casting types; but it would appear rather that the credit of this improvement belongs to Guttenberg, and that Schöffer's contribution to the inventions of the establishment was "that of cutting punches, by which greater symmetry of the types was attained, and a correct reproduction of the matrices secured." When the partnership between Guttenberg and Fust was dissolved, Schöffer joined the latter as a principal in the establishment, and subsequently married Fust's daughter. Fust and Schöffer continued to print jointly till the death of the former in 1466. Schöffer's name appears along with that of his partner at the end of the Psalter of 1457. Panzer in his Annals, vol. 2, Nuremb., 1794, gives a list of the numerous works printed, or supposed to have been printed, by Schöffer after the death of his father-in-law. His last work was a Latin Psalter, fol., 1502, in which year he is supposed to have died. Of his three sons, all printers, the eldest,, only is remembered. He succeeded his father in the business, and carried it on till 1533.  SCHOEN or SHONGAUER,, was born at Ulm about 1420, or perhaps earlier, as he was already established there as a painter in the year 1441. Martin at first studied engraving; he then visited the Netherlands, and had some instruction from the elder Vander Weyden, whose method of painting in oil he imported into Germany, and he was still living at Ulm in 1461. But soon after this date he removed to Colmar, where he eventually settled; he died there on the 2nd of February, 1488. Martin Schoen is the Bel Martino, and Martino D'Anversa of the Italians. Several of his pictures are still preserved at Colmar; they are richly coloured, but are in what is called a Gothic taste. A fine specimen attributed to him in the National gallery, representing the "Death of the Virgin," has all the richness and delicacy of Roger Vander Weyden himself. Lambert Lombard in a letter to Vasari, from Liege in 1565, speaks of Martin Schoen as the father of German painting, and as the master of Albert Dürer; but this is an error, and later discoveries seem to show that Martin died before Albert even visited Colmar. He was certainly one of the best German painters of his time, if not the best; but some of the works attributed to him have been lately ascertained to be the work of Martin Schaffner, also a painter of Ulm of the same period, and using a similar monogram. Martin Schoen's prints, though crude in light and shade, are among the best of the very early German engravings.—(Passavant, Kunstblatt, 1846.)—R. N. W.  SCHOENLEIN,, an eminent German physician, born at Bamberg, November 30, 1793. After being professor of clinical medicine, first at Würtzburg, and afterwards at Zurich, he was appointed professor of pathology in the university of Berlin, and also professor in the medical and surgical military academy there. Clinical reports of his lectures and cases have been published by his pupils.—D. W. R.  SCHOEPFLIN,, a German antiquary, was born at Saltzburg, grand duchy of Baden, 8th September, 1694, and studied at Basle and Strasburg, in which latter university he obtained in 1720 the chair of history and eloquence. Afterwards he was also appointed historiographer to the king. His studies were chiefly directed to the history and antiquities of Alsace, which he illustrated by several learned works written in Latin—"Alsatia Illustrata," "Alsatia Diplomatica," "Alsaticarum rerum Scriptores," &c. He died 7th August, 1771, and bequeathed his library and museum to the city of Strasburg—Museum Schœpflinianum, described by Oberlin.—(See .)—K. E.  SCHOLARIUS. See.  SCHOLEFIELD,, a laborious scholar and worthy minister of the church, was regius professor of Greek in the university of Cambridge from 1825 to 1853. He was born in 1789 at Henley-on-Thames, where his father was a dissenting minister. At seven years of age James was sent to Christ's hospital, London, became a Grecian, and entered Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1809. He obtained the crown university scholarship in 1812; and the following year, being offered a curacy by Mr. Simeon of Trinity church, he was ordained before he had taken his degree, by special permission of the bishop. In 1823 he was presented by his college with the perpetual curacy of St. Michael's, and for thirty years zealously performed the duties of that office. He was elected professor of Greek in 1825; and though not gifted with remarkable critical acumen nor distinguished by much original research into classical antiquity, his teaching was marked by sound learning and a regularity of method that was highly advantageous to the students. He carefully edited for publication, Porson's Euripides, Æschylus, Middleton on the Greek Article, Leighton's Prelections, and the Adversaria of his predecessor. Professor Dobree. He also published "Hints for an Improved Translation of the New Testament." He died at Hastings, April 4, 1853.—(Life, by his widow, 1855.)—R. H.  SCHOLZ, J. M., a learned catholic biblical critic, was born at Kapsdorf, near Breslau, 8th February, 1794. After receiving preliminary education at the gymnasium, he studied theology and philology in the university of Breslau. The criticism of the Greek Testament early attracted his attention, and occupied his time. After searching the libraries in Vienna, he travelled to London and Paris with the same object (1817-19); and afterwards visited Switzerland and Italy, In 1820 he became extraordinary professor of theology in the university of Bonn. Soon after he went to Egypt, whence he repaired to Palestine and Syria, 1821. He returned to Trieste, and thence to Breslau, where he was ordained priest. In 1823 he was chosen ordinary professor in Bonn. At length he published as the result of his prolonged studies, "Novum Testamentum Græce," 1830-35, 2 vols. 4to. He had already published an account of his travels in search of MSS., 1823. Scholz died in 1853. Other works of his are—"Handbuch der Biblischen Archæologie," 1834; "Einleitung in die Schriften des alten und neuen Testaments," vols. i.-iii., 1845-48, containing the Old Testament only; "De Virtutibus et Vitiis utriusque Codicum Novi Testamenti Familiæ Commentatio," 1845. He also had a share in the translation of the Scriptures by Brentano and Dereser. Schola was an industrious and amiable man, who did good service to biblical literature by indicating the places where certain MSS. were deposited. He was not a good critic. He wanted discrimination, judgment, and ability; and in the collation of MSS. he was inaccurate. Hence his works are of little value.—S. D.  SCHOMBERG,, a celebrated military officer, was the son of Count Schomberg, a German, sprung from a noble house of the palatinate, and of a daughter of Lord Dudley, and was born about 1619. At an early age he adopted the profession of arms, and began his military career in the Swedish army in the Thirty Years' war, and had his property in consequence confiscated by the emperor. He then served under Frederic Henry prince of Orange, and afterwards under his son William. He entered the French service in 1650, and displayed such gallantry and military skill, especially in the campaign against the Spaniards in 1661, that in spite of the intrigues of the jesuits, who hated him because he was a protestant, he received from Louis XIV. the baton of a marshal of France. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, the veteran soldier was involved in the persecutions of the Huguenots; but he steadfastly adhered to his religion, at once resigned his honours and commands, and took refuge at the court of Berlin, where he was appointed commander-in-chief of the electoral forces. He was generally esteemed the greatest living master of the art of war; and when the prince of Orange was about to undertake his expedition to England in 1688, Schomberg was, with the consent of the elector of Brandenburg, appointed second in command. When the Revolution was completed he was made a knight of the garter, created a duke, and nominated master of the ordnance, and received a grant from the house of commons of £100,000. His high reputation, eminent virtues, and polished manners made him a great favourite with the English people; and in 1689 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition sent to reduce the Jacobites in Ireland. He landed in Antrim in the month of August, took Carrickfergus, and marched towards Dublin. But his army was ill trained and worse appointed, and was greatly inferior in numbers to the troops under King James. He therefore entrenched himself near Dundalk, and resolved to make a stand there till his men had been disciplined, and till reinforcements and supplies should arrive. He set himself meanwhile assiduously to drill his raw levies; but the commissariat was villanous, the clothing scanty and bad, and heavy rains fell and turned his camp into a marsh; disease broke out among his troops and swept away great numbers; and to add to his difficulties, a formidable conspiracy was formed among the emigrants in his army. But the brave veteran struggled with indomitable resolution against the difficulties and disasters which gathered around him, detected and punished the <section end="186Zcontin" />