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SAM year of his age, leaving behind him a work on Biblical Chronology, entitled "Chronologia Sacra, ab urbe condito usque ad Christum natum."—W. J. P.  SAMMES,, a lawyer and antiquary. He was educated at Cambridge, and took the degree of M.A. He was admitted to an eundem degree at Oxford in 1677, having in the previous year published his "Britannia Antiqua Illustrata," or the antiquities of ancient Britain derived from the Phœnicians. A eulogium of the book appeared in the Philosophical Transactions at the time. Some impute the authorship of the work to Sammes' uncle. He died in 1679.—W. J. P.  SAMONICUS,, an author whose birthplace is unknown, lived in the reign of Caracalla, and was put to death by that emperor. He has left "Carmen de Medicina," a medical treatise in verse, which forms a handbook of cheap and sometimes superstitious remedies for various diseases.—C. G. R.  SAMPSON,, a learned and eloquent puritan divine, was born in 1517, and according to Strype was a fellow of Pembroke hall, Cambridge; but Wood says he was educated at Oxford. At a very early period he adopted the protestant faith, and was ordained by Archbishop Cranmer and Bishop Ridley. In 1551 he was presented to the rectory of Allhallows, Bread Street, London. He resigned this office in 1553, and in the following year was promoted to the deanery of Chichester. After the accession of Mary he was obliged to take refuge at Strasburg, along with some other English exiles, and assisted in the Geneva translation of the Bible. He returned home after the death of Mary, and was offered but declined the bishopric of Norwich. In 1560 he was nominated a prebendary of Durham, and in the following year was appointed dean of Christ Church; but he was deprived of this office in 1564 by the high commission court, and imprisoned on account of his puritanical opinions. Four years later, however, he was presented to the mastership of Wigston hospital at Leicester, and was also elected theological lecturer in Whittington college, London. He died in 1589, leaving two sons by his wife, who was niece of the famous Latimer. Sampson was esteemed one of the ablest preachers of his day. He was the author of several sermons and theological epistles, and of prayers and meditations apostolic, &c. He also edited two sermons of John Bradford, the famous martyr, whom he was the means of converting.—J. T.  SAMSÖE,, a Danish author of some note, was born at Nestved on the 2nd of March, 1759. His father was possessed of considerable means. Young Samsöe commenced his career as a student in 1776, and anticipating that the paternal inheritance would be amply sufficient to secure him from want, he underwent no examination for any special profession, but devoted himself generally to the culture of art and science. In 1782 he went abroad along with Rahbek, and travelled chiefly in France and Germany, returning to Denmark in 1784. Certain circumstances having now somewhat impaired his income, he applied for and received the post of tutor to the royal pages, which situation he held for about five years. His salary was thereafter, however, continued to him as a pension; and ultimately giving up other similar educational engagements, he devoted his time and energies exclusively to literature. He died on the 24th January, 1796, exactly a week previous to the first representation of his chief work, the tragedy of "Dyveke," which took place on the day of his funeral. "Dyveke" is a drama based upon the history of the famous mistress of Christian II., and is written in prose. It contains not a few beauties, and is replete with a forcible and touching pathos. Samsöe's "Northern Tales," which have a good deal in common with those of Suhm, surpass the latter both in elegance of style and liveliness of description. Had Samsöe's life been spared, it is probable that he would have gained a much higher position in the literature of Denmark.—J. J.  SAMWELL,, the surgeon who accompanied Captain Cook on his last voyage in the Discovery, and was present at the time the great navigator met his death from the inhabitants of Owhyee. An eye-witness of the terrible scene, on his return he published a graphic and circumstantial narrative of the occurrence. Samwell was born in Nantglyn, in Denbighshire. He was the author of some poems in Welsh. His death took place in 1799.—F. C. W.  SANCHEZ-COELLO,, an eminent Spanish painter, was born at Benifayro in Valencia in 1515. Of his early life nothing trustworthy is known. In 1541 he resided at Madrid, and there formed a close intimacy with Antonio Moro, whom he accompanied to Lisbon in 1552, on his appointment as painter to Charles V. Sanchez-Coello entered the service of Don John, and on the death of that prince was recommended by his widow to the protection of her brother, Phillip II. of Spain. Phillip gave Sanchez an apartment in the palace, and he soon became a great favourite with the king, who was accustomed to let himself in by a private door to the artist's painting-room at all times of the day. Phillip made Sanchez-Coello his painter in ordinary, and sat to him for his portrait a good many times. Sanchez painted the king on horseback, on foot, in full armour, in a travelling habit, &c.; also most of the chief members of the court, the principal nobles, and dignitaries of the church. He also painted portraits of the Popes Gregory XIII. and Sextus V., the Cardinal Farnese, and other foreign princes. Among his chief religious paintings were the pictures for the great altar of the church del Espinar, and the monastery of the Escurial. Sanchez-Coello is regarded as one of the best of the Spanish portrait painters. He formed his style on that of Titian. His portraits were considered admirable as likenesses. They display great force of character, fine colour, and intelligence, but are deficient in refinement. A great number of his pictures have been destroyed in the successive fires in the royal palaces at Madrid. Sanchez-Coello died at Madrid in 1590. He left a large portion of the wealth he had acquired by his art for the founding of a hospital.—J. T—e.  SANCHEZ,, a learned Spanish Jesuit, born in 1550; died in 1610. He attained the highest reputation as a casuist, and wrote "Disputationes de Sancto Matrimonii Sacramento," in which the subject is very freely handled, Geneva, 1602; also "Opus morale in Præcepta Decalogi," Madrid, 1613; and "Consilia, sen opuscula moralia;" Lyons, 1634-35.—F. M. W. <section end="152H" /> <section begin="152I" />SANCHEZ,, a learned Spaniard, born 1732; died 1798. He published (1779-90) a collection of "Poésias anteriores al Siglo XV.," commencing with the poem of the Cid, but unhappily incomplete. It has been reprinted in Baudry's collection of Spanish authors.—F. M. W. <section end="152I" /> <section begin="152J" />SANCHO,, a literary negro, first made known in England by an epistle addressed to Sterne, was born in 1729 on board a slave ship, and was baptized at Carthagena by the name of Ignatius. Brought to England by his master and presented to three maiden sisters, the infant black was renamed by them Sancho. He came under the notice of the duke of Montague, who lent him books, and the duchess made him her butler. In 1773, being too fat and gouty for service, he was established as a grocer in Westminster, where he died 14th December, 1780. His letters were published the year following in 2 vols., 8vo, with a memoir of his life prefixed.—R. H. <section end="152J" /> <section begin="152K" />SANCHONIATHON or SANCHUNIATHON, a Phœnician writer, is said to have been a native of Berytus, and to have lived about 1250. He wrote, as is alleged, a history of his native country in nine books. The work was translated into Greek by Philo Byblius belonging to the first century of the christian era; and a considerable fragment of the translation is presented by Eusebius in his Præparatio Evangelica. He is first mentioned by Athenæus, then by Porphyry. Eusebius is the next writer who quotes him. These authors evidently derived all their knowledge of him from Philo Byblius, and had no acquaintance with the original Phœnician. The fragments of the Greek version in Eusebius show that Sanchoniathon is a mythical personage. In order to gain more credit for his opinions, Philo said that they were taken from an old Phœnician writer. Movers supposes, with great probability, that Philo availed himself of a name already used, not the name of a person, but that of the Phœnician sacred books. He reads it, "the whole law of Chon," Chon being identical with Bel or Heracles. The fragments of Sanchoniathon were published separately by Orelli, 1826, 8vo. In 1836 Wagenfield published "Sanchoniathon's Urgeschichte der Phœnizier, in einem Auszuge aus der wieder aufgefundenen Handschrift von Philo's vollständiger Uebersetzung," with a preface by Grotefend; and in the following year the complete Greek text with a Latin translation. Wagenfeld pretended that he received the MS. from the monastery of Santa Maria de Merinhao in Portugal; but the publication, though countenanced by Grotefend, is a forgery.—(See Schmidt's Der Neuentdeckte Sanchoniathon, 1838.) For ample information about Sanchoniathon, we refer to the learned work of Mover's Die Phœnizier, &c.—S. D. <section end="152K" /> <section begin="152Zcontin" />SANCROFT,, a learned and well known prelate of <section end="152Zcontin" />