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SAA SAAD-ED-DEEN, also called, &c., an eminent Turkish historian, was born early in the sixteenth century. He was the son of Hassan-Jan, a Persian, and was educated among the pages of Selim I.; after which he was appointed muderris or professor in the college of St. Sophia. Selim II. chose him in 1573 khoja or tutor of his son Murad, who succeeded his father in 1574, and made Saad-ed-Deen military judge. In this capacity he exercised great influence over his master. Mohammed III., who ascended the throne in 1595, placed the greatest confidence in him, and he attended him on his campaign in Hungary in 1596. During this campaign Saad-ed-Deen mainly contributed to the great victory over the christians at Keresztes. He is said to have received considerable sums of money from the English, to use his influence with the sultan in their favour. In 1598 he was appointed mufti, but died October 2, 1599, in the mosque of St. Sophia. His great work is the "Tadj-al-Towarikh," a history of the empire from 1299 to 1520. This is considered a work of much merit, and is eloquently written. It has been translated into Italian, and partly into French. Saad-ed-Deen also wrote the "Selim-Nameh," a history or anecdotes of Selim I., which is also a valuable work.—B. H. C.  SAADI, i.e., The Happy, is the name by which is known , one of the most famous of Persian poets. He was born in 1189 at Shiraz, where his father, although descended from Ali, Mahomet's son-in-law, filled a petty situation in the court of the Atabegs. Saadi was educated at the Nizamiah college at Bagdad, where he studied science and theology, and held an idrat or fellowship. While practising religious austerities in the desert he was taken prisoner by the crusaders, and forced to labour with a gang of Jews in the fosse of Tripolis, from which he was ransomed by a rich merchant, whose daughter he afterwards married. His life was a varied one. As a soldier he is said to have visited India, and as a pilgrim to have been fifteen times to Mecca. He led, during his last years, the life of a dervish in the neighbourhood of Shiraz, and was an old man when he began to write. His poems have the placid wisdom of experience. The best known of them is the "Gulistan" or Rose-garden, a series of anecdotes, maxims, and fables (from which La Fontaine has borrowed), in prose and verse. His style, elegant and simple, has nothing of the customary exaggeration of Persian authorship; this and the ethical tone of the work early made the "Gulistan" a favourite in the West. It has been translated into most of the European languages, into English by Gladwin and Ross, and recently by Mr. Eastwick, Hertford, 1862. There are translated specimens of Saadi's other works in Von Hammer's Geschichte der Schönen Redekünste.—F. E.  * SAAVEDRA,, Duque de Rivas, a Spanish poet and politician, born 1st March, 1791, was educated in the college of nobles at Madrid, and entered the royal guard in 1807. He served with distinction in. the war against the French; and being compelled by his wounds to reside in Cadiz, in 1811 he formed the acquaintance of Martinez de la Rosa, Quintana, and other liberals, and took part in framing the constitution of 1812. During the reign of absolutism, he resided at Seville, engaged in artistic and literary pursuits, and in 1813 he published a volume of poems, "Ensayos poeticos," and several plays of little merit. After the revolution of 1820, he was elected deputy to the cortes for his native city, Cordova, and became one of its secretaries, and a leading advocate of liberal opinions. The counter-revolution of 1823 compelled him to flee, first to England, then to Italy, where he was forbidden to reside; thence to Malta, Paris, and finally Orleans, where he supported himself by establishing a school of design. The amnesty which followed the death of Ferdinand VII. recalled him to Spain; and in the following year, by the death of his brother, he inherited the dukedom and family property, and took his seat in the upper chamber, of which he was appointed one of the secretaries, and afterwards vice-president. On the 15th May, 1836, he joined the ministry of Isturiz and Alcala Galiano, and was almost immediately compelled to flee from Spain. In 1837 he returned, and under the ministry of Narvaez (1843-48) he was ambassador to Naples. In 1854 he was a member of the "ministry of forty hours," one of the last members of the conservative party on whom the queen relied. This closes his political career; his literary reputation is likely to be more enduring. He was the first president of the Madrid Athenæum, and he published, besides the poems already named, "Florinda," an epic founded on the conquest of Spain by the Moors; "El Moro esposito," also a national epic; "Romances historicos;" and a history of the revolution of Naples, which has been translated into French.—F. M. W.  SAAVEDRA. See.  SAAVEDRA-FAJARDO. See.  SABATEI SEVI was born at Smyrna in 1626. He was a Jew, and in 1666 pretended to be the Messiah. The number of his adherents led the Turkish government to seize him, and send him a prisoner to Constantinople. To save his life he turned Mahometan, but died in prison in 1676. He is called the last false Messiah.—B. H. C.  SABATIER,, a Benedictine of St. Maur, was born at Poitiers in 1682. He made a collection of ancient Latin translations of the Bible, which he prepared for the press, but of which he only published one volume in folio. The last two volumes were edited by De la Rue. This important work contains much critical matter in addition to the text, Sabatier died in 1742.—B. H. C.  SABBATINI,, known as , where he was born about 1480, having educated himself chiefly from the works of Maestro Buono, was so smitten with the Assumption of the Virgin, painted by Perugino for the cathedral of Naples, that in 1509-10, he determined to set out for Perugia to enter the school of that master. On his way, however, he fell in with some painters from Rome, who spoke so highly of the young Raphael, then creating a great sensation there by his frescoes in the Vatican, that changing his mind, Sabbatini wended his way to the Eternal City. Here he not only joined in the general admiration for Raphael, but became his scholar and devoted assistant, and even a favourite with the great painter. He was one of those employed on the frescoes of the Chiesa della Pace. After about seven years spent with Raphael in Rome, Sabbatini was recalled home through the illness of his father, and thenceforth settled in Naples, where he spread the style of the new Roman school; indeed, Sabbatini worked so much in the taste of his great master, that his frescoes of the Madonna delle Grazie at Naples have been supposed to be the work of Raphael. His works are generally highly finished, and distinguished for their fine sentiment, especially those of his earlier time, in Raphael's second manner; latterly he fell into the common anatomical mannerism of the age. He died at Naples about 1545.—There was also a, called Lorenzino da Bologna, who studied under Titian at Venice. He died at Rome in 1577, aged about fifty.—(Dominici, Vite dei Pittori, &c., Napolitani.)—R. N. W. <section end="136H" /> <section begin="136Zcontin" />SABELLICUS,, a distinguished critic and restorer of classical studies in Italy, was born at Rome <section end="136Zcontin" />