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RUS * RUSSELL,, an eminent engineer, naval architect, and man of science, was born in 1808. He attended the universities of Edinburgh, St. Andrews, and Glasgow, in which last he took the degree of master of arts. After practising mechanical engineering and iron shipbuilding in Greenock and in Edinburgh, he established himself in London in 1844. He has been a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh since 1837, and of the Royal Society since 1840. In 1835 he published, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his first investigation on the subject of the form of least resistance for ships; and for that investigation the Keith medal was awarded to him in 1837. The principle then set forth by him, viz., that the outlines of a ship ought to resemble, both in form and in dimensions, those of a wave which would naturally travel with the same speed, has since been successfully applied to practice not only by himself in many examples (of which the greatest is the Great Eastern), but by other shipbuilders who have copied his designs. He conducted an important series of experiments on waves for the British association, which were published in their reports for 1837 and 1840; also a series of experiments on the resistance of railway trains. He at one time successfully executed a steam carriage for running on common roads. He is a member of the council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and a vice-president of the Institution of Naval Architects.—R.  RUSSELL,, LL.D., D.C.L , Oxon, Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway, was born at Edinburgh in 1781. He was educated at the university of Glasgow, where he took the degree of A.M. in 1806. Two years later he was advanced by Bishop Gleig to the charge at Alloa, and in the following year was appointed to St. James' chapel, Leith. In 1831 he was nominated dean of the diocese of Edinburgh, and was elected in 1837 bishop of Glasgow and Galloway. He died suddenly in 1848. Bishop Russell was an able and learned man, and was possessed of a sound judgment, and an amiable disposition. He was a voluminous author. His principal work, "The Connection of Sacred and Profane History," 3 vols., 1821-27, displays great research and accurate biblical learning. He was also the author of the "History of the Church of Scotland" in Rivington's Theological Library, of several works written for the Cabinet Library, and of a great number of articles contributed to the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, the British Critic, and other periodicals.—J. T.  RUSSELL,, M.D., a brother of Dr. Alexander Russell, succeeded him in the office of physician to the British factory at Aleppo. Whilst there, in the years 1760, 1761, and 1762, he encountered the oriental plague in its epidemic form. He afterwards published the results of his experience in a quarto volume, which appeared in 1791. This work, besides giving the purely medical history of the disease, contains considerable information on the subject of lazarettoes and quarantine regulations. Dr. Russell also published a book of descriptions and figures of the fishes of the Coromandel coast, and edited and enlarged an edition of his brother's work on Aleppo. Like his brother he acquired the Eastern languages, and is said to have spoken Arabic with the same facility as English. He died in 1805, aged seventy-nine.—F. C. W.  RUSSELL,, Lord, the son (and by the death of his elder brother the heir) of William, fifth earl of Bedford, was born on the 29th of September, 1639. Carefully educated at home and at the university of Cambridge, he travelled on the continent in 1657-58, and was meditating a military excursion with the Swedish troops when his father recalled him home to assist in the restoration of Charles II. Mr. Russell was returned to the new parliament of 1660 as member for Tavistock, and began to feel the corrupt influences of a vain and dissolute court, when he was rescued by the strength and purity of his affection for one of the noblest and most lovely of women, Rachel Wriothesley, daughter of the earl of Southampton, and widow of the young Lord Vaughan. The course of their grave and tender courtship has been revealed in letters which are still extant. They were married in May, 1669, Lady Rachel being then about thirty years old. No brighter example of the happiness of wedded life is to be found recorded in history, than that which their union affords. They were seldom separated during the fourteen years of their marriage, but from the few letters addressed by Lady Rachel to her husband may be gathered many endearing epithets and unaffected indications of true domestic happiness. The fear which sometimes crossed her fancy that such felicity was too great to last, was sadly fulfilled. The political state of England in 1673, was such as to give anxiety to all good men who loved their country. The king and his brother were engaged in dark intrigues with Louis XIV. for the establishment of the Roman catholic religion in this country, and the overthrow or nullification of the parliamentary constitution of Great Britain. Mr. Russell, true to the genius of his house, resolved to oppose these measures; and although he was no great orator or profound politician, the elevation of his character and his high rank gave him a leading position in the whig party. His strenuous opposition to the secret encroachments of the papists, his zeal in promoting the Exclusion bill, closing the succession to the throne against a Roman catholic prince, gave deep offence to James, duke of York. Further, he openly arraigned the guilty measures of the court, and urged the removal of the duke of Lauderdale, and the impeachment of Arlington and Buckingham. He opposed the project for applying a non-resisting test to members of the house of commons, and moved an address for a dissolution of parliament, with a view to securing a body of representatives less under the influence of court bribes. The angry zeal of the whigs against the unscrupulousness of the court party led them into the meshes of French intrigue. The Marquis de Rouvigny, Lady Rachel's maternal uncle, was sent from Paris in 1678 to negotiate with the opposition, through Lord Russell, for the stoppage of the supplies, and the hampering of King Charles. Lord Russell was startled to hear a proposal for securing votes in the house of commons with French gold. "I should be very sorry," he replied, "to have any commerce with persons capable of being gained by money." He wanted nothing but a dissolution, which he knew could be obtained by the influence of Louis. A new parliament was at length called in 1679, and for a brief period Lord William participated in the government with Lord Shaftesbury and others on Sir W. Temple's scheme. The king's pertinacious opposition to the Exclusion bill soon broke up this administration. Russell and some of his friends remained at the council board until January, 1680, when they offered their resignation. "Ay, gentlemen, with all my heart!" said the candid king. Parliamentary government now lost its force. A reactionary feeling took possession of the public mind, and served to render the king virtually absolute. The whigs prepared for the worst. Private meetings were held, and arms were collected. Some violent men, subordinates of the party, hangers-on of Shaftesbury, concocted the Rye House plot, for the assassination of the king and his brother. The court took advantage of the popular indignation excited by this discovery to bring Lord Russell to trial on a charge, which was false, of having spoken of seizing the king's guards. His trial at the Old Bailey is matter of public history; the serene dignity of his demeanour, the simplicity of his defence, the touching incident which brought his wife to his side to be his amanuensis, are themes for poets and painters. He was sentenced to death on the 22d of July, 1683, and beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields eight days afterwards. Every effort that could be made for his pardon was made by his heroic wife and heart-broken father. But the king closed his ears, and nothing could move the obdurate duke of York, who might have saved him. The last hours of the illustrious victim were passed in exercises of piety, and brightened by the loving and hopeful consolations of his angelic wife. Bishops Burnet and Tillotson were with him to the last. Six years later an affecting scene took place in the houses of parliament, when a bill for the reversal of the attainder of Lord Russell was passed. "When the parchment," says Lord Macaulay, "which annulled his sentence was laid on the table of that assembly, in which eight years before his face and his voice had been so well known, the excitement was great. One old whig member tried to speak, but was overcome by his feelings. 'I cannot,' he said, 'name my Lord Russell without disorder. It is enough to name him; I am not able to say more.'" Lady Russell survived to see her only son Wriothesley, duke of Bedford, carried off by the small pox in 1711, and died at a great age, on the 29th of September, 1723.—R. H.  RUSSELL,, LL.D., an industrious and voluminous writer, was a native of Selkirkshire, Scotland, and was born in 1741. He received the elements of education at the parish school of Innerleithen, and in his fifteenth year was bound apprentice for four years to an Edinburgh bookseller and printer. On completing his apprenticeship he published a selection of modern poetry, and made an unsuccessful attempt to adapt Crebillon's Rhadamisthe et Zenobie to the stage. He removed 