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RAD the "Codex Diplomaticus Lithuaniæ." To him Posen owes its public library, for which he erected a building, endowed a librarian, and furnished twenty-one thousand volumes. This useful life of unobtrusive patriotism was terminated by suicide, which Count Raczynski committed in his park at Santomysl on the 22nd of January, 1845. The discovery of the treason of an ancestor, who sold his vote to Catherine of Russia, is said to have been the motive of this rash act.—R. H.  RADCLIFFE,, who has been called the Salvator Rosa of British novelists, was born in London on the 9th of July, 1764. Her parents were respectable tradespeople named Ward; and by descent she was connected with the great surgeon Cheselden, and with the celebrated Dutch family of De Witt. Endowed with remarkable beauty of person and vivacity of mind, she gradually enlarged the circle of her friends, and through Mr. and Mrs. Bentley of Farnham Green, became acquainted with Mrs. Montague and Mrs. Piozzi. In her twenty-third year she married Mr. William Radcliffe, a graduate of Oxford and law student, who soon after relinquished his legal pursuits to become the proprietor and editor of the English Chronicle. In 1789 Mrs. Radcliffe published her first novel, "The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne," the scene of which she laid in Scotland during the warlike days of feudalism. The plot was wild and unnatural, and the book proved a failure. Better success attended the publication in the following year of "The Sicilian." Numerous and romantic adventures, the most rhythmical prose style, and a singular power of word-painting in the descriptions of scenery, made this work at once a public favourite. Following up her success, Mrs. Radcliffe brought out in 1791 the "Romance of the Forest," in which she displayed her peculiar power for producing scenes of mystery and surprise, and in the character of La Motte exhibited a master's hand in the delineation of human passion. In 1793 the gifted writer visited Germany, passing up the Rhine. On her return to England she went to the lakes of Westmoreland, and in 1794 published an admirable account of her "Journey through Holland," &c. In the same year appeared her most celebrated performance—"The Mysteries of Udolpho"—for which she was paid £500, then deemed a very high price for a novel. In this work she indulges freely her taste for the romantic and the terrible, introducing the striking imagery of the mountain forest, the lake, the obscure solitude, ruined castles, wild banditti, and the shadowy forms of supernatural visitants of the earth. Montoni, the desperado, Emily and Adeline the heroines, are all conceived on the grand and heroic scale of romancers. In 1797 Mrs. Radcliffe made her last appearance in fiction with "The Italian," for which she received £800. The inquisition, the cowled monk, the dungeon, and the rack form the characteristic features of this powerfully written novel. For the remaining twenty-six years of her life Mrs. Radcliffe lived in retirement, witnessing the triumphs of those who in some important particulars were her literary disciples—Scott and Byron. She died of spasmodic asthma on the 7th of February, 1823, and was buried in the chapel at Bayswater, attached to St. George's, Hanover Square.—R. H.  RADCLIFFE,, a celebrated physician, was born at Wakefield in Yorkshire in 1650. His father, who was possessed of a moderate estate, sent him to the grammar-school at Wakefield, and afterwards entered him, at the age of fifteen, at University college, Oxford. He took the degree of B.A. on the 29th October, 1669, and was made senior scholar of his college; but as no fellowship was vacant there he removed to Lincoln, where he was elected a fellow, and took his master's degree on 7th June, 1672. He then devoted himself to medicine, but it does not appear that his reading in medical science was very extensive; he paid but scant attention to the ancients, and when asked by Dr. Bathurst (Harvey's friend and the master of Trinity) to show him his library, he pointed to a few vials, a skeleton, and a herbal in the corner of his room. It is, however, known that he carefully studied the writings of the great anatomist and physician. Dr. Thomas Willis, then at the height of his reputation in London. He took the degree of M.B. 1st July, 1675, and directly began to practise in Oxford. Here he soon incurred the opposition of the apothecaries who decried his mode of practice, which was more prompt and decisive than that adopted by Dr. Lydal, the leading practitioner in the town. But Radcliffe was so successful in his treatment, and had so many patients, that his principal opponents were soon glad to make interest "to have his prescriptions on their files." He, however, soon met opposition in a higher quarter. Dr. Marshall, the rector of Lincoln, had taken offence at some witticisms uttered by Radcliffe, and opposed his application for a faculty place in the college, which would have enabled him to retain his fellowship without taking holy orders. He therefore resigned his fellowship, took his doctor's degree on 5th July, 1682, and removed to London in 1684, where he settled in Bow Street, Covent Garden. At Oxford he had obtained a high reputation, especially for his treatment of small-pox, which raged in the town and neighbourhood during his stay there, and by his good fortune in the case of Lady Spencer, whom he had restored from an apparently hopeless condition. On coming to London he found the field of practice open for him. Dr. Lower, a leading physician, had fallen into disrepute on account of political opinions, and Dr. Short, who had succeeded to much of Lower's practice, died in 1685. Aided by his previous reputation, Radcliffe at once stepped into large and lucrative practice. It is said that his fees amounted to twenty guineas a day, and that his success was partly owing to his ready wit in conversation, for patients feigned themselves ill in order to enjoy a few minutes' conversation with the humorous doctor. In 1686 he was appointed physician to the Princess Anne of Denmark, and in the following year he was created a fellow of the College of Physicians by the charter of King James II. After the Revolution, Radcliffe was constantly employed at court, although he refused the appointment of permanent physician to King William. He on one occasion received five hundred guineas from the privy purse for restoring to health Mr. Bentinck, afterwards earl of Portland, and Mr. Zulestein, earl of Rochford. His fees for attending on the king alone amounted to six hundred guineas per annum, during the first eleven years of William's reign. In 1691 he received a thousand guineas from Queen Mary, for attending the young duke of Gloucester. It is said that a neighbouring physician got £1000 a year from patients who could not obtain admission to see Radcliffe. In 1694 he was summoned to attend Queen Mary, who was dangerously ill with small-pox. He obeyed, but pronounced the queen a "dead woman," adding, however, that "he would endeavour to do all that lay in him to give her some ease." His prediction proved true, but he is unjustly blamed by Burnet for the fatal result of a case to which he was called too late to be of service. He afterwards lost the favour of the Princess Anne of Denmark, by refusing to attend her when summoned, saying, "That her highness's distemper was nothing but the vapours, and she was in as good a state of health as any woman breathing, could she but believe it." He was equally uncourtly in a reply he made to King William. In 1699 the king, after his return from Holland, sent for Radcliffe, and showing him his swollen ancles, which contrasted with the emaciated condition of the rest of his body, said—"What think you of these?" "Why truly," replied Radcliffe, "I would not have your majesty's two legs for your three kingdoms." The king never forgave this answer. When Queen Anne came to the throne, it was the wish of Earl Godolphin that Radcliffe should be reinstated as her first physician. But the queen would not hear of it, alleging that he would send her word, as he had before, that her illnesses were nothing but the vapours. He was nevertheless consulted in cases of emergency, and received from the queen large sums. In 1713 he was elected M.P. for the town of Buckingham. In the last illness of the queen he was summoned to attend her, but he was at the time at Carshalton, where he was suffering from gout. He sent an answer that he had taken physic, and could not come. Radcliffe was much censured for not visiting the queen in her last extremity, and it is said that a dread of the popular indignation hastened his own death, which took place on November 1, 1714. Radcliffe, although extremely fond of money, did many generous and charitable acts during his lifetime. He has immortalized his name by the disposal of the large property he had amassed. He left his estate in Yorkshire to University college, in trust for the foundation of two medical travelling fellowships; he left also £5000 for the enlargement of the building of University college; £40,000 for building a library at Oxford, with £150 per annum to the librarian, and £100 per annum for the purchase of books. He also left £500 a year to St. Bartholomew's hospital towards "mending their diet," and £100 to buy linen. His estates in Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire, and Surrey were left in trust for charitable purposes. From these funds the Radcliffe infirmary and observatory were built. Dr. Radcliffe is buried at St. Mary's church, Oxford.—F. C. W. 