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KOE Leeuwenhök and others, it was only formed into a separate science by Bichat, and confirmed by the labours of Schwann. Amongst a number of eminent men who have contributed materially of late to advance our knowledge of this department of science, such as Owen, Leuckart, Schleiden, and others, conspicuously stands out the subject of our present memoir. As a proof of this we may cite amongst his other contributions to science, his memoir upon the reproductive organs of invertebrate animals, which appeared in Valentin's Repertorium in 1841; his thesis on the origin of the egg in insects; his memoir on the development of the cephalopoda, and on the contractile cellules of the embryo of planaria. These, and other labours on the minute structure of animals, prepared the way for his larger work, "The Microscopic Anatomy or Histology of the Human Body," and this was followed by his more complete treatise, "The Manual of Human Histology," which appeared in 1852, and has since been translated into English. This work places Kölliker at the head of the modern school of histology.—W. B—d.  KOENIG,, a celebrated German medallist, born at Berlin in 1756, was the son of Anton Friedrich König, a very skilful miniature painter of that city—born, 1722; died, 1787—from whom he learned the rudiments of design, completing his education in the Berlin academy. About 1774 he obtained a post in the Berlin mint, and there so distinguished himself, that in 1776 he was invited to Breslau as medallist. Here he executed a large number of medals, including those of Frederick-William II. and his successor, and others in honour of various Prussian generals, and in commemoration of public events. He also engraved several portraits of painters, &c. He died early in the present century.—J. T—e.  KOENIG,, German painter and engraver, was born at Berlin in 1760, and learned painting and engraving of S. Freudenberger. His paintings and drawings of Swiss and mountain scenery are much esteemed; as are also his etchings and aquatints—about fifty in number. He resided chiefly in Switzerland, and died at Bern in 1832.—J. T—e.  KOENIG,, one of the inventors of the first practically successful printing-machine, was born at Eisleben on the 17th of April, 1775, and died at Oberzell on the 17th of January, 1833. He was the son of a farmer and small landowner. He served an apprenticeship of five years to the art of printing at Leipsic, and during that period found time to study literature and science, and to attend lectures at the university. From 1795 till about 1797 he was employed as a printer in various parts of Germany. Having inherited a small patrimony, he established a printing-office in his native town, but the undertaking proved unsuccessful. For many years he laboured to contrive the means of printing by machinery, and had, in conjunction with his friend and coadjutor Bauer, devised an invention for that purpose about 1806; but he was long baffled in his attempts to put it in practice by the difficulty of finding any capitalist able and willing to pay the expense. Having at length visited England in pursuit of this object, he was furnished with the necessary funds by the well-known printers, Bensley, Woodfall, and Richard Taylor. The first patent of König and Bauer was obtained in 1810, for a machine in which the paper was pressed against the type by a flat platen, as in the common printing-press; and that machine was put in operation in the course of the same year. Their last and most important patent, that of 1811, was for a machine in which the paper was pressed against the types by a revolving cylinder. This machine may be considered as the parent of all the successful printing-machines which have since been invented; for although they have been greatly varied, and improved in many respects, its essential principle is found in them all. By subsequent patents König and Bauer secured various improvements in their machine. In 1814 occurred one of the most memorable events in the history of printing—a machine on the principle of König and Bauer's invention, of unprecedented size and power, having been erected by the proprietors of the Times, the number of which for the 14th of November in that year was the first newspaper printed by steam-power. From that time forth the art of printing by machinery made rapid progress, and has of late years attained an enormous extension. König and Bauer having a few years afterwards surrendered their English patents to their partner Bensley, went to Bavaria, and established a manufactory of printing-machines in a building at Oberzell, near Wurzburg, which had formerly been a convent. It is gratifying to know that this undertaking succeeded, and that the inventors of the printing-machine were rewarded by a prosperity which rarely falls to the lot of the benefactors of mankind—W. J. M. R.  KOENIG,, a German writer chiefly on classical subjects, born at Altdorf in 1616, and died in 1699. He was for many years librarian and professor in his native city, and compiled a German-Latin lexicon and various other works, some of which were left in manuscript. His "Bibliotheca vetus et nova" is marked by errors and defects, but is still by no means without value.—B. H. C.  * KOENIG,, an esteemed German novelist, was born in humble circumstances at Fulda on the 19th March, 1790. By his own exertions he raised himself to the higher walks of life, and was even several times elected a member of the Hessian chamber of deputies. A vehement controversy with the clergy, caused by his liberal and heretical views, ended in his excommunication from the Roman catholic church. He now lives in retirement at Hanau. Among his numerous novels, "William Shakspeare," "Die Clubisten von Mainz," and "König Jerome's Carneval," take the highest rank. Collected works in 13 vols.—K. E.  KOENIG,, a Danish botanist, was born in 1728, and died at Tranquebar on 31st July, 1785. After finishing his early studies, he went to Sweden, in order to attend the lectures of Linnæus. He was sent by the Danish government to Bornholm and Iceland, and made large collections of plants. In 1785 he went to the East Indies with the intention of proceeding to Tibet; but death prematurely put an end to his labours. Linnæus named a genus of Polygonaceæ, Koenigia. An account of his Iceland travels is published in the Transactions of the Natural History Society of Berlin.—J. H. B.  KOENIG,, an eminent mathematician, son of Samuel Henry, was born at Büdengen in 1712, and died at Herrlichkeit Zuilestein on the 21st August, 1757. He studied mathematics at Basle under John Bernoulli, and at Marburg under Wolf. He was then for three years the mathematical tutor of the marquise du Châtelet; and in 1740 was made a corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences. Having returned to Berne in 1741, he was banished thence on political grounds in 1744. In 1745 he was appointed professor of philosophy, and in 1747 professor of mathematics in the university of Franeker; in 1748 councillor and librarian to the stadtholder, prince of Orange; and in 1749 professor of philosophy and natural law (or the law of nations) at the military academy of the Hague. He had a furious controversy with Maupertuis, in which the honour of first discovering the "principle of the least action" in mechanics was claimed by König for Leibnitz, and by Maupertuis for himself.—W. J. M. R. <section end="73H" /> <section begin="73I" />KOENIG,, a Swiss theologian, mathematician, and orientalist, was born at Berne about 1670, whence he was banished for heresy in 1699, and became a preacher at Büdengen in Isenburg. In 1731 he was permitted to return to his native city, and in 1738 became professor of mathematics and oriental languages in its university, an appointment which he held until his death.—W. J. M. R. <section end="73I" /> <section begin="73J" />KOEPPEN,, a German philosophical writer, was born at Lübeck on the 21st April, 1775, and studied theology and philosophy at Jena under Reinhard and Fichte. In 1804 he became a minister at Bremen, and in 1807 professor of philosophy at Landshut, whence in 1826 he was translated to Erlangen. Here he died on the 5th September, 1858. He was a follower and friend of F. H. Jacobi, and endeavoured to combine the platonic and christian doctrines. We note his "Philosophie des Christenthums," 2 vols., his "Politik nach Platonischen Grundsätzen," and his "Schelling's Lehre, oder das Ganze der Philosophie des absoluten Nichts."—K. E. <section end="73J" /> <section begin="73Knop" />KOERNER,, the father of Theodor Körner, and the generous friend of Schiller, was born at Leipsic on the 2nd July, 1756. He studied the law, and was successively raised to several highly important offices in the civil service of Saxony, till in 1815 he was called in the capacity of "staatsrath" to Berlin, where he died on the 13th May, 1831. He was a man of sterling worth and eminent capacities, and has left some works on esthetics and political administration. He is however best known by his correspondence with Schiller, who wrote his Don Cariso at Körner's delightful vineyard at Loschwitz, near Dresden, and whose works Körner edited after the poet's early death.—K. E. <section end="73Knop" />