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PAU St. Andrew in Rome in 601. He was sent by Gregory the Great to England as an adjunct of the missionaries there, Augustin and his companions. On the marriage of Ethelburga of Kent to King Edwin of Northumberland, Paulinus accompanied the christian princess to the north, under special guarantees of protection, and full license to preach the gospel. In anticipation of the conversion of the Northumbrians, Paulinus was consecrated bishop of Northumbria by the archbishop of Canterbury. For about a year his preaching seemed inefficacious. When Queen Ethelburga, however, in 626 gave birth to a daughter, King Edwin, who had recently escaped from an attempted assassination, yielded to the persuasion of the bishop, and allowed his child to be baptized, and promised to submit himself to the rite if he should return victorious from an intended expedition into Wessex. Paulinus at length overcame all his reluctance, and Edwin with the bulk of his subjects became christians. He was enthroned at York as the first archbishop in 627. In 633, however, when Northumbria was overrun by the Mercians and the Welsh, and Edwin was slain, Paulinus fled with the queen and her children into Kent. There he was prevailed upon to take upon himself the bishopric of Rochester, and continued performing the duties of that office until his death, which took place on the 10th October, 644. He was buried at Rochester.—(Baillet, Vie des Saints, Drake's History of York.)—R. H.  PAULINUS (.), was born in Austrasia, about 730, and was made patriarch of Aquileia by Charlemagne. He attended a council at Frankfort in 794, against Elipandus of Toledo and Felix of Urgel, against the latter of whom he wrote his "Syllabus," long ascribed to Augustine. The most complete collection of his works appeared at Venice, in 1737, by father Madrisi. The seven books against Felix, which sometimes bear his name, are Alcuin's. Paulinus died in 804.—B. H. C.  PAULINUS,, or , was born at Bordeaux of a noble family in or near 353. Ausonius was his tutor. His great talents won for him the consular dignity at Rome in 378. He married a wealthy Spanish lady, with whom he travelled. Having become of a religious turn he went to Barcelona, where he was ordained presbyter. He suffered much from the Goths who took Nola. His history is so obscure that Pabebroch distinguishes three of his name. He died in 431. His works were published in 1685 and 1736.  PAULO,. See.  PAULUS, an ecclesiastic of the third century, a native of Samosata, and subsequently bishop of Antioch in Syria. His means seem to have been scanty in early life. He was elevated to the episcopal office about 260. At what time he became acquainted with Zenobia is uncertain; but her patronage and influence did not produce a favourable effect on a character naturally mean and selfish. While bishop he held the office of ducenarius or procurator for the emperor. In his general conduct he gave great offence to the pious; though we should be cautious in receiving all the statements made to his disadvantage, since they come from enemies. The circular letter of the council which condemned him, represents him as vain, arrogant, and ostentatious, surrounding himself with all the insignia of civil power, abusing his authority, courting adulation, appointing women to sing psalms in his praise, and sending forth bishops and presbyters to spread abroad his fame. It also says, that he had employed extortion and bribery, decried the fathers of the church, and exalted himself. Other charges are more serious, respecting young and handsome women whom he loaded with presents, and with whom he lived in concubinage; but these are probably groundless. It is certain that he acted far otherwise than a bishop ought to do; and brought scandal on the church at Antioch. His fellow-ecclesiastics, however, were afraid to proceed against him because he was powerful and opulent, till his theological opinions raised the odium theologicum. In consequence of his heresy, a council assembled at Antioch, 264, presided over by Firmilian, bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia; but nothing was done against him there, because he promised explanations or a retractation, so that the council was induced by its president to defer sentence. Since, however, he did not cease to disseminate his erroneous opinions, a second council was held, 269, at which Malchion, a rhetorician, succeeded in drawing forth his real sentiments. Accordingly, Paul was condemned and deprived of his office, Domnus being appointed his successor. Eusebius gives copious extracts from the circular letter of the council. The deposed bishop refused to surrender his living; so that Aurelian was appealed to by the representatives of the council, when he had subdued the East. This emperor laid the matter before the Italian bishops, who decided against Paul. Hence he was ordered to be expelled. The time of his death is unknown. The Decem Pauli Samosateni Quæstiones, addressed to Dionysius of Alexandria, are supposed to be spurious. A few fragments of works professing to be Paul's have been gathered out of different sources, but he wrote little. His followers, who were never numerous, were called Paulians or Paulianists. His heretical opinions related to the divine nature and person of Christ, whom he regarded as a mere man.—S. D.  PAULUS DIACONUS, so called because he was deacon of the church of Aquileia, was son of Warnefrid, and born about 730 at Friuli. He received an excellent education in Pavia at the court of the Lombard king, Ratchis, became private secretary to Desiderius, king of the Lombards, and superintended the studies of his daughter Adelperga. It has been conjectured that he accompanied her to the court of her husband, duke Arichis of Benevento. In 781 he was a monk in the celebrated monastery of Mount Casino, whence he repaired soon after to France, probably at the call of Charlemagne who esteemed him for his learning, and showed him lasting favour. Paul contributed much to the educational reforms of Charlemagne, and transplanted a knowledge of the Greek language into the country of that great conqueror. In 787 he was again in his former beloved monastery, where he continued till his death, which took place the 13th April, 797. Paul was highly esteemed, and was unquestionably one of the most learned men of the time. He wrote "Historia Romana," which is a compilation enlarging Eutropius and continuing the history in six books till the fall of the Gothic power. A great part of it is printed in the work known as Historia Miscella, which is a meagre abridgment, published by Muratori in his Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. i. His "Historia Langobardorum" (History of the Lombards), is a valuable work, also edited by Muratori. His "Homilarium." or a collection of homilies for all the Sundays and holidays in the year, was compiled by direction of Charlemagne. He is also the author of "Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium," best edited by Pertz in the second volume of his Monumenta, &c. He wrote, besides a life of Gregory the Great, some poems, letters, and theological pieces.—(See Bethmann in the Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere  deutsche Geschichtskunde, vol. x.)—S. D.  PAULUS ÆGINETA or PAUL, was a celebrated Greek physician, said to have been born in the island of Ægina. Nothing is known respecting his life—even the time at which he lived is a matter of uncertainty. The best authorities, however, agree in placing him at the end of the sixth or the beginning of the seventh century. He is believed to have studied at Alexandria some time before the taking of that city by Amrou, and he is said to have travelled through Greece and other countries for the purpose of adding to his medical knowledge. He lives, however, in his great work—a system of medicine in seven books—which is at once a compilation of pre-existing knowledge and a record of his own observations. He treats of surgery and midwifery, as well as of medicine; and his writings on the obstetric art obtained for him from, the Arabians the name of "the accoucheur." There can be no doubt that the seven books of Paulus are amongst the most valuable relics of ancient science. An excellent translation of them by Mr. Francis Adams was published by the Sydenham Society in 1844.—F. C. W.  PAULUS,, a distinguished German theologian, was born at Leonberg, near Stuttgart, 1st September, 1761, and received his academic education at Tübingen, which he left in 1784, to undertake the office of teaching in the Latin school at Schorndorf. In 1787 he was obliged to retire to his father's house from ill health, and soon after was enabled, through the kindness of Von Palm, to undertake a scientific journey through Germany, Holland, England, and France. Having returned, he was made repetent in Tübingen. In 1789 he was appointed professor of oriental languages at Jena. After Döederlein's death in 1793, he became professor of theology. In 1803 delicate health induced him to accept a call to Würtzburg as professor of theology, where he was also chosen a consistorialrath. In 1807 he removed to' Bamberg; in 1808 to Nürnberg; and in 1810 to Ansbach. From Ansbach he went in 1811 to Heidelberg as professor of exegesis and church history, where he laboured till his death, which took place on the 10th August, 1851. He had ceased from 1844 to fill any public office, <section end="675Zcontin" />