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PAR PARCIEUX. See.  PARÉ,, the father of modern surgery, was born at Laval in Maine in 1509. Having studied surgery in the hospitals of Paris for three years, he commenced his career early in life as a military surgeon. He rapidly acquired distinction; in 1536 he accompanied a French army to Turin as surgeon to the infantry, and for the succeeding thirty years the wars in which France was constantly engaged found him frequent employment. He has left a most interesting account of his services in his "Apology or Treatise concerning divers voyages," from which it appears that besides serving in many campaigns and sieges, he was employed in attending the wounded after the battles of St. Quintin, Dreux, and Moncontour, and that he took charge of those who were sent to Paris after the battle of St. Denis in 1567. His skill obtained him the favour of four kings of France, to whom in succession he was surgeon and counsellor. Paré was a Huguenot, and he owed his life at the time of the massacre of St. Bartholomew to the respect which Charles IX. had for his professional abilities. Brantome relates that Charles did not wish to save any one except Master Ambrose Paré, his first surgeon and the first in christendom, that he sent for him in the evening, and concealed him in his own wardrobe, saying, "Qu'il n'etait raisonable qu'un qui pouvait servir à tout un petit monde, feut ainsi massacré." Paré was not only an able practitioner and dexterous operator, he was a man of original genius. To him is owing the introduction of the plan of securing bleeding arteries by ligature after operation, an improvement which may be said to have inaugurated the advance of modern surgery. He modestly allows in his "Apology" that he obtained the first idea of this proceeding from passages in Galen and other early writers; but he is so impressed with the superior value of the ligature compared with the actual cautery, which had previously been the only means employed to arrest hæmorrhage after amputation, that he attributes his invention to the immediate inspiration of God. He also greatly improved on the contemporary treatment of gunshot wounds, discarding the heating and stimulating applications in vogue. The obstetric art is indebted to him for the operation of version in certain cases of abnormal birth—an improvement which was afterwards practised and inculcated by his pupil Guillimeau. Paré's first work, "Maniére de traiter les plages faites par harquebuses, flêches," &c., appeared at Paris in 1545. In 1561 he published a collection of all his works, consisting of twenty-six treatises on almost every department of surgery. An English translation of this work was published by Thomas Johnston in 1678. Paré's writings are not free from the superstition of his age, but in all practical matters relating to surgery his works bear the impress of an unusual admixture of inventive talent, acute observation, and common sense. He died in 1590, at the age of eighty-one.—F. C. W.  PARE,. See.  PAREDES,. See.  PAREJA,, an Andalusian of African blood on one side at least, was born at Seville in 1606, and is well known as the slave of Velazquez, whom in 1623 he accompanied to Madrid in the capacity of colour-grinder. Like Claude, the menial capacity in which Pareja was constantly employed in his master's studio, developed in him the ambition to paint also, and he was eventually completely successful. He was always with Velazquez, accompanying him even to Italy; and while otherwise disengaged he employed his time in copying his master's pictures in secret, until he was so far advanced that he put one of his pictures in the way of the king, Philip IV., who admired the work, and remarked to Velazquez that such a painter could no longer be a slave. Pareja thereupon received his manumission from his master, with whom, however, he remained until his death. Pareja died in 1670. He painted much in the style of Velazquez, and executed several good pictures, especially portraits. The museum of Madrid possesses a large, effective picture of the "Calling of St. Matthew" by him, the figures wearing the Spanish costume of the day. Lord Radnor possesses Pareja's portrait by Velazquez. "It represents him," says Mr. Stirling, "as an intelligent, bright-eyed mulatto, with the thick nose and lips, and curling black hair proper to his race, and dressed in a dark-green doublet, with a white falling collar."—(Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.; Stirling, Annals of the Artists of Spain.)—R. N. W.  PARENT DUCHATELET,, a physician and celebrated writer on public hygiene, was born in Paris in 1790. He took his degree at the age of twenty-four, and early turned his attention to the departments of sanitary science and medical police. In 1825 he became joint-member of the council of health. He published a large number of reports and memoirs on subjects relating to the health of different sections of the community in the Annales d'Hygiène and the Dictionnaire de l'industrie manufacturière. The work, however, by which he is best known is his treatise on prostitution, published in Paris in 1836. This very remarkable essay was founded on statistical facts supplied for the most part by the national authorities. In compiling it M. Duchâtelet had access to the secret archives of the bureau des mœurs and the prefecture of the police; he also consulted the records of hospitals, prisons, and all other public institutions which could throw light on the subject. The book, which everywhere bears evidence of having been composed under the influence of the purest and most conscientious motives, displays in all its deformity the monster evil on which it treats. The writer indicates the means by which the amount of injury inflicted on the community may be lessened, and points out what he regards as the right policy to be pursued towards the wretched victims of vice. An able abstract of this work appeared in the Lancet, 1836-37. M Duchâtelet was physician to the hospital of La Pitié. His labours in the science of public health were mainly instrumental in directing the attention of the authorities of Paris to the subject of the drainage of different quarters of that city. In 1833 he was appointed one of a commission intrusted with the preparation of a report on the spread of cholera, and on the effects of that disease in Paris and its neighbourhood. His death took place on the 6th of March, 1836. Funeral éloges were pronounced over his grave by Cruveilhier, Villermé, and Donné.—F. C. W.  PAREUS,, son of Philip, born in 1605, was, like his father, a lover of classical antiquity, and was regarded as an excellent scholar. He wrote and published various works, as—Mellificum Atticum, extracts from Greek authors; "Historia Palatina;" "Medulla Historiæ Universalis;" "Medulla Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ;" editions of Greek and Latin writers, a Lexicon to Lucretius, &c. He was killed in 1635.—B. H. C.  PAREUS,, an eminent divine of the reformed church of Germany, was born in 1548 at Frankenstein in Upper Silesia. His German name was Wängler. He received his first instructions in classical learning from Christopher Schilling, a disciple of Melancthon, by whom he was imbued with Melancthon's doctrine of the sacrament, and whom he followed into the palatinate when deprived of his office as teacher by the high-Lutherans of Silesia. Pareus arrived at Heidelberg at the very time when the newly-elected Frederick III. was remodelling the church of the palatinate upon the reformed type, and when Ursinus, Olevianus, Tremellius, and Zanchius had been appointed to the theological chairs of the university. After finishing his studies, he was for some time a pastor in several places; but in 1584 he was called by John Casimir, as administrator for his nephew Frederick IV., to a theological chair in the Collegium Sapientiæ in Heidelberg. In 1598 he was made ordinary professor of theology in the university, and in this office he continued to labour with great usefulness and growing fame till the fall of his unfortunate prince, Frederick V., in 1621; when the palatinate was invaded and occupied by Spanish troops, and Pareus was obliged to consult his safety by flight. He found an asylum at Anweiler in the neighbourhood of Zweibrücken, where he remained for some time; but availing himself of a gleam of success in the elector's affairs he returned to Heidelberg in June, 1622, partook of the Lord's supper there along with his beloved prince, and died a few days after, full of years and honours, on the 15th of June, 1622. His principal works were—"The Neustadt Bible"—an edition of Luther's version adapted to the use of the reformed church of Germany—brought out in 1587; and the "Corpus doctrinæ orthodoxæ," consisting of the Heidelberg Catechism, and of "catechetical explanations" of that famous work—supplied in part from the theological lectures of Ursinus, its chief author, and from the contributions of his own pen. This important compend appeared first in 1591—many other editions followed; and his latest literary labour was expended in perfecting it. He esteemed the Heidelberg Catechism as next in value to the Bible itself. He was a zealous opponent of the Arminians; and though he declined to attend the synod of Dort, on account of his advanced age, he sent a sharp criticism of the five articles of the remonstrants. <section end="658Zcontin" />