Page:Imperialdictiona03eadi Brandeis Vol3a.pdf/655

PAN PANSA,, was a warm supporter of Julius Cæsar, and as tribune of the people in 31. rendered him valuable assistance against Marcellus and others. In 46. he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul, and in 43. he held the consulship along with Hirtius. In March of that year he took the field against Antony, by whom he was defeated at Forum Gallorum. He died of wounds received in the battle.—D. M.  PANTÆNUS, apparently a native of Sicily, and teacher of Clement of Alexandria, who calls him the Sicilian Bee. He was originally a stoic, but became a christian, and presided over the school of Alexandria about the year 180. He is said to have preached in India, and brought thence St. Matthew's Gospel in Hebrew. He died about the year 216. Eusebius and others speak of him very highly. He wrote upon the scriptures, but only a few fragments remain.—B. H. C.  PANTER or PANTHER,, a learned Scotch ecclesiastic and diplomatist who flourished during, the sixteenth century, was descended from an ancient family near Montrose. He was successively dean of Carstairs, prior of St. Mary's Isle, commendator of Cambuskenneth, and bishop of Ross. He held the office of principal secretary of state in the latter part of the reign of James V., and subsequently discharged for seven years the duties of ambassador of Scotland at the French court. His official letters have attracted great notice on account of the excellence of their latinity. His morals were unfortunately tainted by the licentiousness of his order at that period. David Panter died at Stirling in 1558. His letters were published by Ruddiman in his Epistolæ Jacobi Quarti, &c., along with those of his uncle, , abbot of Cambuskenneth, secretary of state to James IV., and the first diplomatist of his age.—J. T.  PANVINIO, ), historian and antiquary, born in Verona of a poor but noble family, 1529, and died in Palermo, 7th April, 1568. Having in early youth assumed the Augustine habit, he was sent to Rome to prosecute his studies. In 1554 he was despatched to Florence to teach theology, but soon obtained a dispensation not only from this employment, but also from cloistral residence. He now travelled in Italy from city to city, pursuing antiquarian researches; and in Venice contracted a friendship with the erudite Sigonio, cemented by mutual good offices. His usual residence was however in Rome, where he enjoyed the patronage of Cardinal Marcello Cervini, afterwards Pope Marcellus II. Finally in 1568, in the train of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, he journeyed into Sicily, fell ill, died, and was buried in the Palermitan church of the Augustines. Two stones, one in Rome, one in Palermo, record the name of Onofrio Panvinio; but his own works, the copious fruit of a comparatively short life, form his worthiest monument. He has left, amongst numerous other publications, an edition of the "Fasti Consulares," and treatises "De Antiquis Romanorum Nominibus," and "De Ritu sepeliendi mortuos apud veteres Christianos." He left likewise a mass of MSS , by which Cardinal Baronius is believed to have profited in the composition of his Annals.—C. G. R.  PANZER,, an eminent German bibliographer, was born at Sulzbach, 16th March, 1729. After being prepared for the church at Altdorf, he became in 1751 minister of the parish of Etzelwang, and in 1760 dean of St. Sebaldus at Nuremberg, where in 1772 he was promoted to be first pastor of the town, the duties of which office he worthily discharged till his death on the 9th July, 1804. At the same time he was librarian to the town, and president of the so-called Pegnitz Shepherds, a poetical academy. All his energies, however, were concentrated upon his bibliographic studies. He collected a splendid library of nearly seventeen thousand volumes, a prominent part of which was his famous collection of Bibles, which he sold to the Duke Karl Eugen of Wurtemberg, 1780. The learned results of these biblical studies were published in his histories of the editions of the Bible printed at Nuremberg, and of the German translation of the Bible by Luther. His investigations increased with his library; and finding the Annals of Maittaire highly defective with respect to German printing, he published most valuable additions to that work in his "Annalen der älteren deutschen Literatur." His most comprehensive and truly standard work, however, is his "Annales Typographici," 1793-1803, 2 vols., a work so well known and so indispensable to every collector, that we need not add a single word about it. His library was dispersed after his death.—K. E.  PAOLI,, a famous Corsican patriot, general, and legislator, was born in 1726. His father, Giacinto Paoli, was educated for the medical profession, but when the Corsicans rose up in arms against the tyranny of the Genoese, Paoli took a prominent part in asserting the freedom of his country, and was elected one of the principal magistrates of the island. Finding all their efforts to reduce the Corsicans to submission utterly hopeless, the Genoese called in the assistance of the French, by whom the patriots were subdued after a prolonged but ineffectual struggle, and the elder Paoli and his family took refuge at Naples, where he died in 1755. His more famous son received the best education Naples could give, and was well instructed in military tactics, as well as in the classics and in the science of legislation. In 1755 he embarked for his native island, and such was the effect produced by his engaging manners and high reputation, that in a full assembly of the people he was unanimously chosen generalissimo. He proceeded immediately to organize a government, to establish law and order, to institute schools, and to bring the rude and unlettered inhabitants under the influence of civilization. His efforts were crowned with the most remarkable success; he was regarded by the people as the saviour of his country, and both their national prosperity and their enlightenment were steadily advancing. These fair prospects, however, were speedily blighted. The Genoese having lost all hope of ever reconquering the island, by an iniquitous bargain sold their claims upon it to the French in 1768. A powerful army was sent to take possession of the new acquisition. The natives fought with desperate valour for the maintenance of their rights and liberties, and inflicted several defeats upon the invaders. But reinforcements continued to pour in, and the brave islanders were at length compelled to succumb. Paoli cut his way through the enemy, and ultimately found refuge in England, where he was treated with every mark of respect, and received a pension of £1200 a year from the British government. During his residence in London, which lasted more than twenty years, he devoted himself principally to literary pursuits, and lived on terms of intimacy with Dr. Johnson and his learned associates, by whom he was held in the highest esteem. Boswell idolized him, and the great Cham of literature himself said General Paoli had the loftiest parts of any man he had ever seen, and that he talked of language as if he had never done anything else but study it instead of governing a nation. At length the events of the French revolution restored Paoli to Corsica in 1789, and Louis XVI. appointed him lieutenant-general and military commandant of the island. But when the monarchy was overthrown, the general, shocked at the frightful excesses of the republicans, organized the party of the old Corsican patriots, and called in the assistance of the English. His plans were completely successful. The French troops were driven out of the island, and in 1794 Corsica, with the consent of the natives, was united to Great Britain. Paoli, however, was treated with scandalous ingratitude, and the office of viceroy, which ought to have been conferred upon him, was bestowed on Sir Gilbert Elliot, to the great and just dissatisfaction of the Corsicans. Paoli was obliged to return to England in 1795, and died there on the 5th of February, 1807, in the eighty-first year of his age. A monument, with his bust and an inscription, was raised to his memory in Westminster abbey.—J. T.  PAOLUCCIO. See.  PAPEBROCH,, a jesuit, born at Antwerp in 1628. He studied at Douay, and was a professor of philosophy and belles-lettres for several years, but is best known for his connection with Bolland and Henschenius in compiling the Acta Sanctorum. His love of truth led him to refer the origin of the Carmelites to the twelfth century, which involved him in a hot controversy. He was denounced to the pope and the inquisition as the author of flagrant errors, and in 1695 the inquisition anathematized the fourteen volumes of the Acta Sanctorum. Papebroch defended himself, and continued his labours till his death in 1714.—B. H. C. <section end="655H" /> <section begin="655Zcontin" />PAPIAS, Bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, an ecclesiastical writer of the second century, was a contemporary and companion of Polycarp. Irenæus speaks of him as "a hearer of John, and an ancient man"—words sufficiently ambiguous to give rise to diversity of opinion. It has been disputed whether John the apostle or John the presbyter is meant? The former must he rejected, and the latter adopted. Eusebius speaks highly of him in one place; in another disparagingly. In the Paschal Chronicle it is Slid he suffered martyrdom at Pergamus, 163; and he is <section end="655Zcontin" />