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KNO that he took him with him to Vienna, and in a few years, with the advantages of the capital of the empire, and the help and employment of Troger, Knoller became one of the most renowned of the Austrian painters. In 1755 he went to Rome, and studied there for three years. He went also to Naples, where he was much employed by Count Firmian, the Austrian ambassador. He was several times at Rome, and contracted a friendship with Winkelmann and with Mengs. He eventually, in 1765, settled in Milan, to be near his friend and patron, Count Firmian. Here he married, had a large family, and died in 1804. Knoller's works are numerous, especially his frescoes, which are some of them very extensive, and are generally vigorous both in form and colour, and effective as compositions, but like the majority of the works of the period make no pretensions to sentiment of any kind. The Tyrol is rich in his works both in oil and fresco; in South Germany the most important are at Ettal and Munich in Bavaria; and at Neresheim in Würtemberg, where he painted seven cupolas, for which he received twenty-two thousand florins. He painted chiefly portraits at Vienna, where he was ennobled by the Empress Maria Theresa. At Milan he executed some important works for the Prince Belgioioso and Count Finnian. A life of Knoller was published in the Beiträge zur Geschichte und Statistik von Tyrol for 1831.— (Lipowsky; Fiorillo; Nagler.)—R. N. W.  KNOLLES,, the historian of the Turks, was a native of Northamptonshire, and born about 1545. He went to Oxford about 1560, and was chosen fellow of Lincoln college. While a fellow, says Anthony Wood, he "did purpose to perform, if God granted him life, something that might be profitable to the Christian commonwealth." After a time he was appointed master of the free school at Sandwich, not a place very favourable to literary industry requiring much research. There, however, he composed his "History of the Turks," which occupied him for twelve years, and which was printed in 1610. Its scope is indicated by its later title, "The general History of the Turks, from the first beginning of that nation, to the rising of the Ottoman family." It was a great favourite with Dr. Johnson, who took from it the plan of his Irene, and is full of facts arranged and narrated with considerable literary art. It was long the standard English work on the subject, and several continuations were published after the author's death; among these, in 1680, that by Paul Ricaut, consul at Smyrna, from 1623-77, and with a new account of the reign of Sultan Amurath. To the literature of his favourite theme Knolles also contributed a posthumous work, published in 1621, "The Lives and Conquests of the Ottoman Kings and Emperors, to the year 1610;" and "A brief Discourse of the Greatness of the Turkish Empire, and wherein the greatest strength thereof consisteth." A "Grammaticæ Latinæ, Græcæ, et Hebraicæ Compendium, cum radicibus," 1600, prepared for the use of his pupils, and a translation of Bodin's Six Books of a Commonwealth, are also due to him. He died at Sandwich in 1610. When Dr. Bliss edited the Athenæ Oxonienses, there was extant in the Ashmolean museum at Oxford a MS. translation by Knolles of Camden's Britannia into English.—F. E.  KNOLLES,, a successful soldier in the reign of Edward III. and Richard II., is described by Dugdale as originally "a person but of a low fortune." Betaking himself to a military life "in the troubles in Normandy and Brittany" in 1359, he enriched himself and became "commander in those parts." He accompanied the Black Prince on his expedition into Spain, and three years later was appointed general of all the forces sent by Edward III. into France. In the second year of Richard II.'s reign he was appointed governor of Brest, and afterwards participated in the invasion of France on behalf of Simon de Montfort's claims to the dukedom of Brittany. According to Dugdale, he headed the citizens of London against Jack Straw. With his wealth he built the old bridge at Rochester over the Medway, rebuilt the Whitefriars' church in London, and founded a collegiate church at Pontefract. He died on his manor of Scene Thorpe in Norfolk in 1407, and was buried in the Whitefriars, which he had recently rebuilt.—F. E.  KNOLLIS,, an English statesman and leading member of the puritan party, was born about 1530, and was educated at the university of Oxford. He was introduced to the court during the short reign of Edward VI., and soon distinguished himself as a zealous promoter of the cause of the Reformation. During the reign of Queen Mary he retired to the continent. On the accession of Elizabeth, Knolles was appointed vice-chamberlain of the household and a privy councillor. He afterwards held the office of treasurer of the household, and was created a knight of the garter. He was frequently employed by Elizabeth in affairs of state, and was a member of the commission which tried Mary Queen of Scots. Knollis was the author of a treatise entitled "Usurpation of Papal Bishops," 8vo. He died in 1596.—J. T.  KNORR DE ROSENROTH,, a German archæologist, born in Silesia on the 15th July, 1636; died at Sulzbach in April, 1689. He studied at Wittemberg and Leipsic, and travelled in France, England, and Holland, applying himself to the study of chemistry and to the oriental languages. According to Buddæus he was one of the principal restorers of rabbinical and cabalistic lore. He left the following works—"Kabbala denudata, seu doctrina Hebræorum transcendentalis, et metaphysica atque theologica," 1677, the second part of which appeared as "Liber Sohar restitutus," 1683; also German translations of some of the works of Sir Thomas Brown and of Leibnitz.—P. E. D.  KNOTT,, whose real name was , was an English jesuit, born in Northumberland in 1580. He went abroad and became a jesuit in 1606. He was for some time prefect of studies in the English college at Rome, was vice-provincial, and afterwards provincial of his order. In his latter years he lived in London, where he died in January, 1655-56. Dodd says that Father Knott was generally esteemed for his learning, and especially in controversy. He is chiefly remembered for his dispute with Potter and Chillingworth on the possibility of salvation in protestantism. In 1633 he published "Charity Mistaken," to prove that Christ had left but one church, that out of it and its communion there was no regular way of salvation, and that catholics to be consistent, must say there was no salvation out of their church. This was answered by Christopher Potter; to whom Knott wrote a reply, "Mercy and Truth, or charity maintained by catholics." Chillingworth afterwards wrote his Religion of Protestants, as an answer to Knott, who had attacked him in "A direction to be observed by N.N., if he means to proceed in answering the book intitled Mercy and Truth," &c. Sixteen years after Chillingworth's publication appeared, Knott wrote a reply, entitled "Infidelity unmasked," 1652. Knott also wrote "Christianity maintained in defence of Mercy and Truth," or rather he is supposed to have written it, and some other publications which were either anonymous or bore fictitious names, as a Latin discussion of some assertions of Dr. Kellison by "Nicolas Smith." Knott's best title to fame is, that he provoked Chillingworth to write his celebrated work.—B. H. C.  KNOWLES,, was born in the city of Cork on 12th May, 1784; died in 1862. His father was a man of learning and ability, the nephew of Sheridan the lexicographer, and first cousin of the more distinguished Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Coming to Cork in 1780, he married and pursued the avocation of a schoolmaster there till 1792, when, to mend his fortunes, he repaired with his family to London. James was a quick boy, and soon gave evidence of his dramatic genius, writing a play at twelve years of age for a juvenile company of actors, of which he was the star. Two years after he made another attempt in the same line—an opera. The boy of fourteen now formed an acquaintance with Hazlitt, then only twenty; and thenceforth during life he was the adviser and friend of the dramatist. Each appreciated the genius of the other. "He loved me," says Knowles, speaking in high terms of Hazlitt, "taught me as a friend, endearingly praising or condemning, as he saw cause, every little poem which I wrote." Through Hazlitt Knowles became acquainted with Coleridge and Lamb. Between this and his twenty fifth year, Knowles wrote some poems and two tragedies, neither of which were acted; and in 1808 he came to Dublin, where his intellectual and social qualities made him a favourite. The drama was the passion of his life; and his ambition was to be an actor as well as an author. Accordingly, in the former capacity he made his first public essay at the theatre in Crow Street; but not succeeding there, he joined "Cherry's company" at Waterford. Here he played tragedy, comedy, and opera; in the latter of which he came out best, having a good voice. Edmund Kean was one of this company, and Knowles produced for him the tragedy of "Leo, or the gipsy," his first acted drama. The success of this piece was, as from 