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ORT  more accessible his collection of choice antique objects by reproducing it in a series of engravings, with explanatory text entitled, "Imagines et Eulogia virorum Illustrium et Eruditorum ex antiquis lapidibus et numismatibus expressa," &c.—C. G. R.  ORTA, ), a Portuguese naturalist of the sixteenth century, studied at Salamanca and Alcola, and successively occupied a chair of mathematics in Lisbon and Coimbra. In 1534 he embarked for the East Indies, with the title of chief physician to the king, and on his arrival settled in the capital of the Portuguese possessions. His services as a physician were in great request. Orta was the first to describe Asiatic cholera. He published in Latin and afterwards in Portuguese a work on the officinal and aromatic plants of the Indies.  ORTEGA,, an eminent Spanish botanist, was born at Madrid in 1730, and died in the same city in 1810. He prosecuted his studies at Bologna, and devoted his special attention to physics, chemistry, and botany. He became professor of botany at the Royal garden of Madrid.—J. H. B.  ORTELIUS,, otherwise , a celebrated writer on geography, was born at Antwerp in 1527, and did not begin his studies till at the age of thirty. He travelled through the greater part of Europe, and ultimately visited the court of King Philip II. of Spain, who appointed him royal geographer. He died, unmarried, June 16, 1598. His chief works are—"Theatrum orbis terrarum," Antwerp, 1575; "Synonyma geographica," ibid. 1578; "Itinerarium per nonnullas Galliæ Belgicæ partes," ibid. 1584; and "Thesaurus geographicus," ibid. 1587, 2d edition fol. 1596. A collection of minor works was published at Jena in 1684, in Peutinger's Sermonibus, under the title of "Antiquitates Gallo-Belgicæ."—F. M.  ORTON,, a nonconformist divine, was born at Shrewsbury. He was educated at the free school of his native place, and then studied under Dr. Doddridge. In 1741 he became minister, at Shrewsbury, of a congregation composed of presbyterians and independents. His health failed in 1741, and, in possession of a competence, he retired to Kidderminster, where he enjoyed literary leisure, and where he died in 1783. He received the degree of D.D., but never used it. He wrote "Memoirs of Dr. Doddridge," an "Exposition of the Old Testament," "Discourses on Eternity," "Sacramental Meditations," "Letters to a Young Clergyman," "Religious Exercises," "Discourses to the Aged," &c.—J. E.  ORVILLE,, was born at Amsterdam in 1696, studied law at Leyden, and began practice as a barrister at the Hague; but threw up his profession and went on a literary tour to France, England, and Italy. From 1730 to 1742 he was professor of Greek, rhetoric, and history at Amsterdam, after which he retired to Gronendal to pursue his studies; and died in 1750, leaving a high reputation as a scholar. He published several learned works, and was engaged with Burman on the Miscellaneæ Observationes, commenced by Jortin.—B. H. C.  OS,, younger son and scholar of Jan van Os, was born in 1782. Like his father, he attained distinction as a flower-painter, and his works have long been in much request. In 1817 he went to France, and for some years painted groups of flowers on the finer vases of the Sèvres works. Here his paintings were much admired, and he was called the Rubens of flower-painting—a somewhat inapplicable designation, since he is characterized by extreme elaboration of finish even more than by richness and brilliancy of colour. He painted fruit and birds, as well as flowers; and made the drawings to the Flora Batava of J. Kops.—J. T—e.  OS,, a celebrated Dutch flower-painter, was born at Middleharnis in 1744. He was a scholar of A. Schouman and imitated Van Huysum, whom he sometimes nearly approached in clearness and brilliancy of colour and delicacy of finish. He occasionally painted marine subjects, but without much success. He died at the Hague in 1808.—J. T—e. <section end="623H" /> <section begin="623I" />OS,, son of Jan van Os, was born at the Hague, October 8, 1776; and died there March 28, 1839. He learned painting of his father, but formed his style on Paul Potter, whose works he sedulously studied. For some time he was constrained to teach drawing and paint miniatures for a living; but eventually he was able to pursue the line he had selected, and his landscapes and cattle-pieces came greatly into vogue, obtaining high prices and finding a place in the principal galleries of Europe. He painted a few military pieces, founded on incidents seen by himself whilst serving as a volunteer in the Dutch army during the French war. Many of the pictures of Pieter van Os have been engraved; and he himself executed etchings from the works of Paul Potter, Berghem, &c., as well as from his own designs.—J. T—e. <section end="623I" /> <section begin="623J" />OSAIBIA,, was an Arabian physician, and the author of a work entitled "Fontes Relationum de Classibus Medicorum," which contains a valuable biographical history of the Arabian physicians, and is frequently quoted by Friend and other authors on the history of medicine. Osaibia was born in 1203. He studied medicine in the lazzaretto at Cairo, and was appointed chief physician to the Emir Ezzadin at Sarchad in Syria. He died in 1269. Small portions of his work have been published from time to time, but as a whole it exists only in manuscript. Copies are to be found in the libraries of Paris, Oxford, and Leyden.—F. C. W. <section end="623J" /> <section begin="623K" />OSBORN,, a younger son of an ancient Bedfordshire family at Chicksand, was born about the year 1589. He was educated privately at home, a practice which he condemns in his "Advice to a Son." He became a retainer of the Pembroke family, and was master of the horse to the munificent Earl William. In the civil war he sided with the parliament, wrote various pamphlets in the interest of the Commonwealth, and took employment under Oliver Cromwell. He passed the latter part of his life in Oxford, near his son John, who was fellow of All Soul's college. There he published his "Advice to a Son" in two parts, 1656-58, which became all the more popular from an attempt made to suppress it on the groundless charge of atheistical principles. He died on the 11th of February, 1658-59, at the house of his brother-in-law, W. Draper, in Nether Wotton, near Dedington, Oxfordshire. His memoirs of the reign of Queen Elizabeth and King James were reprinted in the Secret History of the Court of King James, Edinburgh, 1811.—R. H. <section end="623K" /> <section begin="623L" />OSBORNE,, one of the early employers of Dr. Johnson, was, says Dr. Dibdin, "the most celebrated bookseller of his day," and carried on a successful trade for thirty years in Gray's inn, from 1737 or so onwards. He purchased the libraries of some of the most eminent men of his time, among them the Harleian collection of books which the government, while securing the Harleian MSS., now in the British museum, allowed to escape it. His catalogue of them was published in 1743-44, the first two volumes, in Latin, being compiled by Johnson, It was during this connection, doubtless, that Osborne received the punishment so tersely described by Johnson to Boswell:—"Sir, he was impertinent, and I beat him." Osborne was a short, thick, insolent, and ignorant man, and in the company of Curll is pilloried in the Dunciad. He accumulated a fortune of £40,000, was for many years a member of the court of assistants of the Stationers' Company, and died in August, 1767.—F. E. <section end="623L" /> <section begin="623M" />OSGOOD,, born in 1748 at Andover in Massachusetts, studied at Harvard college, where he graduated in 1770. He was elected a member of congress in 1781, and was appointed first commissioner of the American treasury in 1785. Washington conferred upon him the office of postmaster-general in 1787, and in 1803 he was chosen as the naval officer of the port of New York. His death took place in 1813.—B. H. C. <section end="623M" /> <section begin="623Zcontin" />OSIANDER,, an eminent protestant divine and founder of an illustrious family, was born at Guntzen-Hausen, Anspach, 19th December, 1498. His father was a blacksmith by name Hosemann, which the son changed into the similar Osiander. His diligence at school and college was untiring, and his proficiency was in proportion, though poverty pressed heavily upon him. For many years he was a preacher at Nürnberg. He threw himself into the contest of the Reformation, and was present at several of the conferences, as at Marburg, Augsburg, and Schmalkald. Hebrew, mathematics, and theology were his favourite studies. While pastor at Nürnberg he published his well-known "Harmony." His ingenuity was daring, however, and he advocated with no little tenacity and arrogance several doubtful opinions. At the foundation of the university of Königsberg, he, in 1548, became head of the theological faculty. His professorate was a troublous one; his colleagues disliked him, and he taught a strange view of the nature of that righteousness by which sinners are justified—that they are justified by the essential righteousness of Christ as God. Melancthon and the chief Lutheran divines opposed his hazy doctrine, which led to bitter and protracted controversy. Osiander died in 1552.—, a son of his, born in 1534, was court preacher at Stuttgard. He laboured to secure the reception of the formula <section end="623Zcontin" />