Page:Imperialdictiona03eadi Brandeis Vol3a.pdf/58

KLI of which the following are the most important—the Reitbahn, or Riding-house, 1822, a Florentine building, three hundred feet long; the Isar bridge, in conjunction with Probst, 1823-28; War-office (Kreigs-ministerium), Florentine, 1824; Odeon, Italian palatial, 1826. The Pinacothek, a noble gallery for paintings by the old masters, was begun in 1826, and finished in 1837. It has two Italian façades nearly five hundred feet in length; having on the south a corridor, divided into twenty-five loggie, adorned with frescoes by Cornelius, above which is a series of as many statues of the most eminent painters. The interior comprises nine large halls and twenty-three smaller cabinets. In 1826 were also commenced the Bazaar and the Hofarkaden, both Italian in style, and both elaborately ornamented; and the Allerheilegen-kapelle (All-Saints' chapel), a large and costly imitation of an eleventh-century Byzantine church, the interior being gorgeously decorated with coloured marbles, gilding, sculpture, and frescoes on gold grounds: it was completed in 1837, and is the grandest specimen of Von Klenze's powers in ecclesiastical architecture. In 1827 was begun the New Palace (Neue Königsbau), a vast pile six hundred feet long, a copy, with variations, of the Pitti palace at Florence; the Festbau (an addition to the Residenz, or old palace), which has a Palladian façade of eight hundred feet, was begun somewhat later. The following year, 1828, Von Klenze was called upon to construct two other palaces, the Maximilian and the Leuchtenburg; the latter with a façade corresponding in style to that of the Odeon, opposite to which it stands. On the completion of the Glyptothek in 1830 was commenced the Walhalla, or hall of heroes, in many respects the most remarkable of Von Klenze's works, and beyond doubt the most magnificent reproduction of a Greek temple that has been constructed in modern times. It was completed and opened with great solemnity in October, 1842. The Polychrome temple in the English garden, Munich, erected in 1833, is a circular Ionic building, intended to exemplify the Greek principles of colour in architecture. The Post-office, a large Florentine building, was erected in 1834. The Ruhmeshalle (or Bavarian hall of fame), a spacious and richly decorated Doric structure, commenced in 1839 and completed in 1850, is the latest of the great works executed by Von Klenze for King Ludwig. But besides those named we should mention the Linden Street; the monument in memory of Maximilian-Joseph, of which Rauch executed the sculpture; and the great bronze obelisk raised in memory of the Bavarians who fell whilst fighting under Napoleon I.; as well as several private mansions. In his later years Von Klenze erected some churches and other buildings in the Gothic style; but in this style he is considered to have been least successful. Of the works erected by Von Klenze in foreign states it is only necessary to mention the Imperial museum, St. Petersburg, a large Græco-Italian structure, erected for the Emperor Nicholas, and generally considered to be one of his finest works. He also went to Athens in 1834 to afford King Otho his advice on the projected architectural improvements of his capital. Von Klenze published an essay towards a restoration of the Etruscan temples, 4to, 1821; a Description of the Glyptothek," 12mo, 1830; a "Description of the Walhalla," folio, 1842; a series of artistic aphorisms, "Aphoristische Bemerkungen," 1838; a selection of designs of his principal buildings; and a series of designs in the Greek style for churches. He was an admirable draftsman, and made many finished architectural drawings and several paintings. He received honours and decorations from most of the sovereigns, and was elected into most of the academies of Europe, including the Institute of France and the Institute of British Architects. He died on the 26th of January, 1864.—J. T—e.  KLINGEMANN,, a German dramatic poet, was born at Brunswick, 31st August, 1777. He was educated in his native town, and thence proceeded to Jena, where he attended the lectures of Fichte, Schelling, and Schlegel. He devoted himself to literature and the drama, and became the director of the principal theatre in Brunswick. In 1819 he published "Art and Nature," being his observations during a professional tour he made with his wife. His dramatic works were published in 2 vols. at Brunswick, 1817-18. He died in 1831.—R. H.  KLINGENSTIERNA,, a Swedish mathematician, was born at Tolefors in 1698, and educated at Upsal. After publishing a dissertation on the height of the atmosphere, and another on the improvement of the thermometer, in the Upsal Transactions, he spent three years, between 1727 and 1730, in travelling through Germany, England, and France, where he was introduced to Clairaut, Fontenelle, and Mairan. Soon after his return to Sweden he was appointed professor of mathematics, and numbered among his pupils Wargentin and Melanderhielm. Having been chosen tutor to Gustavus III., when prince-royal of Sweden, he was appointed a councillor of state, and made a knight of the polar star. After quitting the Swedish court he was induced from ill health to retire from society, and devote himself to his favourite studies. In 1752 he published a memoir on electricity, and on artificial magnetism in 1755; but he is most generally known by his work entitled "Certamen de perficiendo Telescopio Dioptrico," published at St. Petersburg in 1762. The Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg had offered a prize of one hundred ducats for the best essay on this subject, and it was unanimously adjudged to the Swedish philosopher. In repeating the eighth experiment of Newton with a prism of glass placed in a prismatic vessel of water, he found that the emergent ray was affected with the prismatic colours, and drew the important conclusion that refraction could be produced without colour. This important discovery was published in the Schwedischen Abhandlungen, 1754, vol. xvi., p. 303. In October, 1754, Klingenstierna communicated this important result and some of his investigations on the dispersion of light, to John Dolland, who was thus led to those valuable researches which terminated in the construction of the achromatic telescope. Klingenstierna published also a memoir on "Aberration" in the Swedish Transactions for 1760, and another on the "Aberration of light in spherical surfaces" in the Philosophical Transactions for 1760. He published also a Latin edition of Euclid's Elements, and a translation into Swedish of Müschenbroek's Introduction to Natural Philosophy. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1730, and published in their Transactions for 1731 a paper on the "Quadrature of hyperbolic curves." Klingenstierna died on the 28th October, 1785, at the great age of eighty-six.—D. B.  KLINGER,, a distinguished German poet, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, February 19, 1753. Though bred for the church he had such a passion for the stage, that for some time he acted as secretary and poet to a band of players. He then entered the Austrian army, saw some service in the war of the Bavarian succession, and after the restoration of peace took up his residence at Weimar, where he lived in intimate friendship with Göthe. It was the title of one of his dramas that gave its name to the so-called Sturm-und-Drangperiode. In 1780 he proceeded to St. Petersburg where he was successively raised to the highest military and civil offices, and became one of the most distinguished promoters of education and literature in Russia. After forty years' service he retired from public life, and died full of honours at St. Petersburg, 25th February, 1831. Klinger's dramatic works, as well as his novels, show rare powers of imagination; but these powers were uncontrolled and unsubdued by the laws of art and composition, and for this reason, notwithstanding their wide grasp of thought and their high moral purpose, they have been consigned to oblivion. Complete works, Königsberg, 12 vols.; select works, Stuttgart, 1842, 12 vols.—K. E.  KLINGSOR, a fabulous German poet of the thirteenth century, is said to have lived in Transylvania under Andrew II., and to have acted as judge in the famous Wartburgkrieg. By some scholars the Lay of the Nibelungen has been ascribed to him.—K. E.  KLOPSTOCK,, one of the greatest German poets, was born of good family at Quedlinburg, 2nd July, 1724. He received a careful education in the gymnasia of his native town and of the renowned Pforta, near Naumburg. Here he not only acquired a solid knowledge of the learned languages, but at the same time developed his poetical faculties, for it was at Pforta that he planned his great epic poem, and that, after fixing on the subject of the Messiah, he wrote the first three cantos in prose, as he was still at a loss about the metre. The Alexandrine was too monotonous, the trochaic too weak, the iambic without elevation; he therefore, some years later, chose the hexameter as the proper measure for his epic. It is asserted, and we believe with justice, that at this time he had no knowledge whatever of Milton, whose acquaintance he no sooner made than he admired and again and again read him. Klopstock decided for the clerical profession, and from Pforta proceeded first to Jena, which, however, he found too illiterate 