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MUR the following year was put to death on account of his connection with the conspiracy of Fannius.—D. W. R.  MURENA, L., took part in the wars against Mithridates. In the second, 83 ., he served under his father, and in the third he was intrusted by Lucullus with the siege of Amisus. He was elected prætor, 65 ., along with Servius Sulpitius, and, 64 ., was pro-prætor of Gallia Cisalpina. In the year following he was chosen consul along with D. Junius Silanus; but a charge of bribery was preferred against him by Servius Sulpitius, an unsuccessful candidate. Of this he was acquitted. He was defended by Cicero, whose speech is still extant.—D. W. R.  MURET,, an eminent classical scholar, born at Muret, near Limoges, in 1526. He lived at various places in France till 1554, when, having been accused of a detestable crime, he retired to Italy. In 1576 he was ordained a priest. He died at Paris in 1585.—D. W. R.  MURGER,, writer, was born at Paris in 1822. From being an attorney's clerk he became secretary to the Russian Count Tolstoy, and then threw himself into that struggling literary career, the joys, the sorrows, and the necessities of which he has so vividly depicted in his "Scénes de la Vie de Bohême." He wrote for the stage as well as for periodical literature, and died but recently—another enfant perdu of Parisian journalism.  MURILLO,, one of the most celebrated of the Spanish painters, was born at Seville, was baptized on the 1st of January, 1618, and was the pupil of a relative, Juan del Castillo. Having made some little money by painting heads of saints, Madonnas, and such pictures for the South American market, he ventured in 1642 to visit Madrid, with an intention, if possible, to go on to England to study under Vandyck, of whom he had heard much from Pedro de Moya, an old companion who had worked with Vandyck in London. Arrived at Madrid, Murillo was well received by his fellow-townsman Velazquez, and much assisted by him in his art. The death of Vandyck put an end to the scheme of going to England; and the want of funds and the assistance of Velazquez induced him to give up also his intention of going to Italy, though Velazquez recommended this journey in 1644. In 1645 he returned to Seville a finished master, and immediately took his place as the head of the school of Seville. In 1648 he married a lady of fortune of Pilaz, and his house henceforth became an ordinary resort of people of taste and fashion. In 1660 he established the academy of Seville, and was its first president; but he held the office for that year only. In the spring of 1682 he was employed at Cadiz in the church of the Capuchins on a picture of St. Catherine, and he received such serious injury from a fall from the scaffolding while engaged in this work, that he was forced to leave it incomplete, and to return home to Seville. He never recovered from the fall, but died soon afterwards, on the 3rd of April of that year. Two sons and a daughter survived him, but his daughter had taken the veil already in 1674. Murillo's early pictures are taken from the humble life of Spain, beggar-boys, flower-girls, and such like, and are in the style of Spagnoletto and Velazquez; but he gradually refined both his manner and his subjects, and in the last years of his career he painted almost exclusively religious pieces. Madonnas and Holy Families. Still some of his earlier religious works are painted in a strong naturalist taste, with little of that ideal refinement which distinguishes some of his later Madonnas, as shown in several examples of the "Immaculate Conception," a subject he painted several times; and also in the large picture of the "Holy Family," in the National gallery. Among Murillo's principal works are eight large pictures, which were completed in 1674, for the hospital of La Caridad in Seville—"Moses striking the Rock;" "The Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes;" "The Return of the Prodigal Son;" "Abraham visited by the Angels;" "Christ at the Pool of Bethesda;" "St. Peter liberated from Prison;" "St. Juan de Dios bearing the poor man on his back;" and "St. Isabel of Hungary healing the Sick," commonly called El Tiñoso from the diseased head of the principal figure. These pictures are now dispersed: some remain, others were brought away by Marshal Soult. The Tiñoso is at Madrid; Nos. 3 and 4 are in the gallery of the duke of Sutherland at Stafford house; No. 5 is in the collection of Mr. George Tomline.—(Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.; Davies, Life of Murillo, London, 1819. There is a list of Murillo's works in Stirling's Annals of the Artists of Spain, vol. iii., 1848, amounting to three hundred and eighty-four, including several portraits and some landscapes: many are of course doubtful.)—R. N. W.  MURIS,, a highly accomplished ecclesiastic and doctor of the Sorbonne in Paris. He was born in Normandy at the end of the thirteenth century, but the years of his birth and decease are unknown. He was alive in 1348, and probably for several years after. The name of this writer is familiar to all intelligent lovers of the art of music, although it appears that he was less indebted for this reputation to his services in musical theory, than to the long-cherished errors, through which even the invention of the notes and of measured music was ascribed to him. Two of his treatises, and these it may be presumed were the best—"Summa Magistri de Muris," and "Tractatus de Musicá" (entitled likewise "Musica Speculativa," as also "Theoretica")—were printed by the Prince Abbot Gerbert in the third part of the Scriptores de Musica, and their date may be fixed about the year 1323. Most of the rules he gave for counterpoint he had from Franco; but he wrote them in such a manner as to make them more easily understood than they had been before.—E. F. R.  MURNER,, a German satirical poet, was born at Strasburg in 1475. Doctor in law and theology, and with a degree from the university of Paris, he taught at various towns, and in almost every instance quarreled with his colleagues. Whilst at Cracow he published a system of logic under the form of a game of cards—an ingenious expedient, which materially facilitated the progress of his pupils. From Henry VIII., who summoned him to England, he received the most flattering testimonials. A violent opponent of the Reformation, Murner distinguished himself by the acerbity of his attacks upon Zuinglius at the conference of Baden in 1526. Using the printing-press of his convent (he was a cordelier), he continued to publish controversial tracts at Lucerne; his departure from which was made one of the conditions of peace between the cantons. Shortly afterwards (about 1533) he died. In the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, Ulrich von Hutten has endeavoured to turn Murner's peculiar system of teaching logic into ridicule; and Erasmus himself followed in the same strain. Amongst Murner's writings may be mentioned the "Narren Beschwerung, or Exorcism of Fools," a satire in German verse; and his "Bettler Orden, or Book of Vagabonds," which contains the first known dictionary of the argot or slang of the wandering Bohemians of those days. The work, however, which does most honour to Murner's memory is, after all, his translation of the Æneid, Strasburg, 1515. In 1775 Waldau published at Nuremberg a Notice of Murner's Life and Writings.—W. J. P.  MURPHY,, a miscellaneous writer, was born at Clooniquin in the county of Roscommon in 1727, the son of a Dublin merchant. Educated at St. Omer, where he obtained a thorough knowledge of the classics, he became a merchant's clerk at Cork, and a banker's clerk in London, where, ultimately, he devoted himself to literature and the drama, and for some time was an actor. On this last account he was refused at first admittance as a student to the Inns of court, but finally was called to the bar by Lincoln's inn. He was appointed a commissioner of bankruptcy, and died in 1805. Murphy was early an intimate of Henry Fielding; and when Fielding's Covent Garden Journal ceased. Murphy started a short-lived paper on the same plan—the Gray's Inn Journal. Some of his dramatic pieces—such as the "Way to Keep Him," and "Three Weeks after Marriage"—long retained possession of the stage. He published a collective edition of his works in 1786. He translated into English the works of Tacitus and Sallust. Murphy was the author of lives of Garrick and Johnson; but it is by his "Essay on the Life and Genius of Fielding," prefixed to his edition of the works of the author of Tom Jones, that he is chiefly remembered as a biographer, and indeed as a writer. It contains some curious particulars of Fielding.—F. E. <section end="528H" /> <section begin="528I" />MURPHY,, the "weather prophet," made a hit by some strikingly successful predictions in his "Almanack on Scientific Principles" for 1838. His subsequent publications did not sustain his suddenly acquired reputation as a weather prophet. He died in December, 1847. There is a list of his works, chiefly on meteorological topics, in the Gentleman's Magazine for April, 1848.—F. E. <section end="528I" /> <section begin="528Zcontin" />MURPHY,, an Irish mathematician, was born at Mallow in 1806, and died in London on the 12th of March, 1843. He was the son of poor parents; but having at an <section end="528Zcontin" />