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MOS lady, besides Angelica Kauffman, who ever obtained that distinction. She died on the 2nd of May, 1819.—J. T—e.  MOSES or, a writer of the fifth century, was born at Chorni in the province of Taron in Armenia. He was the nephew of Miesrop, and one of the disciples that accompanied Sahak and Miesrop to other lands. Going from Edessa to Jerusalem, where the band of travellers stayed for a considerable time, they divided into two; Moses being of the party that went to Alexandria, where he remained seven years. He returned by Rome, Athens, and Constantinople to his native land. He afterwards became bishop of Bagrevand, where he laboured very diligently. During the reign of the Persian king, Perozes, he and his fellow-labourers were obliged to go into concealment, 460-70. The time of his death is unknown. The most important and best known work of Moses is his "History of Armenia," divided into three books; a fourth is lost. The history is continued down to the death of his two preceptors, Sahak and Miesrop, i.e., 441. Besides this, a work on rhetoric and a compendium of geography bear his name. He also wrote numerous hymns, grammatical remarks, and an explanation of the Armenian liturgy, &c. The latest and best edition of his works appeared at Venice in 1843, but without the hymns and fragments. As a historian Moses is truth-loving and careful. He did not, however, make use of the best sources, and therefore his statements are often unreliable.—S. D.  MOSHEIM,, the eminent ecclesiastical historian, was born of a high family at Lübeck on the 9th of October, 1694. Having passed through the gymnasium at Lübeck, he studied at the university of Kiel. In this university when still a young man, he was appointed professor of philosophy, and such was his popularity that the king of Denmark invited him to a chair at Copenhagen. In 1725 the duke of Brunswick summoned him to the chair of theology in the university of Helmstädt, and he occupied it with great credit for twenty-two years. In 1747 George II. of Britain gave him a professorship of divinity and the chancellorship in the university of Göttingen. In that high position he remained eight years, or till his death on the 9th of September, 1755. Mosheim was thrice married, and a daughter of his third wife became duchess of Noailles. Mosheim's works are very numerous, indeed considerably beyond a hundred. His best known works, however, are his "De rebus Christianorum ante Constantinum Magnum Commentarii." They were translated by Vidal in two volumes octavo, London, 1813. The work is full of information, and the translation is on the whole correct and easy. His most popular work is his "Institutionum Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ antiquioris et recentioris, libri iv.," first published in a smaller duodecimo form in 1726, and then in an enlarged and amended shape in quarto in the year of the author's death. An edition by one of his pupils in 1764 was translated into German by Von Einem and Schlegel. The Institutes were translated into English by Maclaine, minister at the Hague. But the version is both uncouth and unfaithful; the test is warped now and then to support the translator's opinion, and the notes are sometimes a flippant assault on the author's views. A far better translation was published in 1832 by Dr. Murdock of Newhaven, United States; and it may tend to correct the prejudices which Maclaine's version may have created, though, indeed, Mosheim's Latin is too succinct to be either elegant or classical. The Institutes are an excellent compendium, clear, though sometimes superficial. They deal too much with the husk, and forget the kernel within; too much with the external form, and neglect the precious inner life of the church. Mosheim's neutrality as to the numerous religious parties appears sometimes to be indifference, of which, indeed, he has been accused. It is but justice therefore to add, that his other writings discover decided and ardent piety. Mosheim, so far from being so dull and dry as his Institutes would imply, was a fervid and eloquent preacher, his models being Watts and Saurin.—J. E.  MOSKOWA. See.  MOSSOP, Henry, was born in Connaught in 1729, and was educated at Trinity college, Dublin. It was in the same city that he made his first appearance on the stage as Zanga, in Young's tragedy of the Revenge. Removing to London he soon obtained a reputation inferior only to that of Garrick and of Barry; but, like many other actors, he must be a manager. He opened a theatre in Dublin, was ruined, and died exceedingly poor at Chelsea in November, 1773.—W. J. P.  MOSTAERT,, an eminent Dutch painter, was born at Haarlem in 1474. He painted religious and historical subjects, in a realistic manner, with much force and spirit, and introduced landscape back-grounds with considerable feeling. He is said to have been popular as a portrait painter, but only a few portraits remain which are known to be his. Among his extant works are a Mater Dolorosa in the church of Notre Dame, at Bruges; a Nativity and an Ecce Homo in churches at Haarlem; and a Virgin and Child surrounded with Angels, and attended by prophets and sibyls. This, which is one of his most remarkable pictures, is in the Antwerp Museum, where are also two portraits by him. Jan Mostaert died in 1555.—J. T—e.  MOTANEBBI, i.e. one willing to be a prophet, is the nickname by which is known "the greatest of Arabian poets," according to Joseph von Hammer. Born in 915, he promulgated at thirty his prophetic claims, and acquired some disciples, but seems to have been cured of his pretensions by imprisonment. He spent the rest of his life at the courts of princes—Arabian, Persian, and Egyptian—whom he first panegyrized and then satirized. He was killed by robbers in 965. Von Hammer published in 1824, with an introduction, biographical and critical, a complete metrical translation of his poems—"Motanebbi, der grösste Arabische Dichter, zum erstenmal übersetzt." His German translator speaks of him with his choleric melancholy, his martial enthusiasm, and his elegiac tenderness, as forming a complete and striking contrast to the joyous, if mystical Hafiz.—F. E.  MOTHERWELL,, a Scottish poet and journalist, was the third son of William Motherwell, an ironmonger in Glasgow, where the poet was born in 1797. His ancestors were for four hundred years proprietors of a small property called Muirmill on the banks of the Carron in Stirlingshire, and were hereditary millers of Dundaff under the Montrose family. At the age of fifteen young Motherwell was placed as a clerk in the office of the sheriff-clerk of Paisley, where he acquired great skill in deciphering ancient legal documents. In 1818 he was appointed to the office of sheriff-clerk-depute of the county of Renfrew, which brought him a respectable income and was held by him till 1829. In the previous year he became editor of the Paisley Advertiser, an office which he exchanged in 1830 for the management of the Glasgow Courier, a thrice a week journal which was the organ of the West Indian and extreme tory party in the mercantile capital of Scotland. Motherwell was but slenderly equipped for such a situation. His political and historical knowledge was scanty, and his habits of composition were slow and irregular. He entered upon his duties, too, at a period of great excitement, when the old political landmarks, both at home and abroad, were rapidly disappearing. He threw himself headlong into the thickest of the fight, and battled for his principles against fearful odds with characteristic courage and vehemence. This fierce political strife was most injurious to a man of Motherwell's warm and impetuous temperament. It withdrew him to a great extent from other and far nobler pursuits in which he was peculiarly fitted to excel; and it ultimately wore out his robust frame and shortened his days. He died suddenly of apoplexy, on the 1st of November, 1835, at the early age of thirty-eight, deeply regretted by his fellow-citizens of all classes and political parties. From his school-boy days Motherwell exhibited a strong predilection for poetry and antiquities. Several of his pieces, both in prose and verse, appeared in 1818 in a small work called the Visitor, published at Greenock; and in the following year he edited the Harp of Renfrewshire, containing biographical notices of the poets of that district from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. His "Minstrelsy, Ancient and Modern," appeared in 1827; and in 1828 he commenced and conducted a Paisley monthly magazine, which he enriched with some of his best poetical productions. After his removal to Glasgow he contributed to the Day, edited by Dr. Strang, a considerable number of poems and a series of humorous papers in prose entitled, "Memoirs of a Paisley Bailie." His scattered poetical pieces were collected and published in 1832 in a small volume, with the title of "Poems, Narrative and Lyrical," which was greatly enlarged after his death, and has passed through three editions. At the time of his death he was engaged with the Ettrick Shepherd in preparing an edition of Burns' works, which he did not five to complete. Motherwell has enriched the literature of his native country with many noble lyrical pieces. It may be safely predicted that his "Battle Flag of Sigurd;" "The Wooing Song of Jarl Egill Skallargim;" "The Sword <section end="504Zcontin" />