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MIC and the one by which he is best known in Britain, is his "History of the Crusades." To render this work more perfect he, at the age of sixty-three and in feeble health, visited Palestine, Egypt, Constantinople, and Greece. Seven volumes of "Correspondence from the East" were the result of this journey. With M. Poujoulat, who had been his companion, he also published a "New Collection of Memoirs to serve for the History of France." A complete and revised edition of the "History of the Crusades" was prepared after Michaud's death by M. Poujoulat, and published in six volumes in 1841. The work in an abridged form has appeared in English.—P. E. D.  MICHAUD,, a French author, brother of the more celebrated Joseph, was born in 1772, and died at Ternes on the 12th March, 1858. He commenced his career as a soldier, and attained the rank of captain, but left the service in 1797. He shared his brother's royalist opinions, and like him was sent to prison, where he remained three months. Devoting himself both to literature and printing, he issued many royalist publications; and on the restoration of Louis XVIII. was appointed printer to the king. To the Biographic Universelle, completed in 1828, he added a supplement, which reached t he letter V. The articles bear the names of the authors, and several are signed by Louis Michaud; among others, a life of Napoleon, afterwards published in a separate volume; a history of St. Simonianism, and of the Rothschild family; and a biography of Louis Philippe. He also published the Biographie Universelle, Paris, 1811-28, 52 vols. 8vo; and the Supplement, Paris, 1834-55, 29 vols.; and in addition, the Biographie des hommes vivants, Paris, 1815, 5 vols. 8vo.—P. E. D.  MICHAUX,, a French botanist, was born on 7th March, 1746, near Versailles, and died in Madagascar on 13th November, 1802. His father was devoted to agriculture, and the son early acquired a taste for botany. He prosecuted the study of that science under Lemonnier and Jussieu, at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. In 1780 he visited the mountains of Auvergne along with Lamarck and Thouin, and he also examined the botany of the Pyrenees and of the south of Spain. In 1782 he proceeded to Persia. He remained at Bassora for some time, and after being plundered by the Arabs he reached Ispahan. During two years he examined the country between the Indian ocean and the Caspian sea. He returned to Paris with large collections of seeds and plants in 1785. He was afterwards engaged in making collections in North America with the view of contributing shrubs and trees for a large conservatory at New York. In 1792 he made an excursion from Charleston to Hudson Bay. He returned to France, whither he had sent enormous collections of trees and seeds. Unfortunately, the vessel conveying his collections was wrecked on the coast of Holland, and he lost all. He was reduced to great poverty when he visited Paris in 1797, and he was unable to obtain the arrears of pension due to him. In 1800 he was chosen to accompany an Australian expedition. He visited the Isle of France, and in the spring of 1802 he went to Madagascar, where he died of fever. He published a "History of the Oaks of North America." His botanical researches were afterwards published by his son Richard under the name of Flora Boreali-Americana. A genus, Michauxia, has been named after him.—J. H. B.  MICHAUX,, a French botanist, son of André Michaux, was born at Versailles in 1770, and died at Vaureal, near Pontoise, on the 23rd October, 1855. He studied medicine and natural history. He took the degree of doctor of medicine, and accompanied his father to the United States. He was appointed to various expeditions up to the year 1803, and he wrote several botanical memoirs, such as "Excursions to the West of the Alleghanies; ""History of the Fruit-trees of North America, and their Naturalization."—J. H. B.  MICHEL,, French engraver, was born at Paris in 1748. He was a scholar of Pierre Chenu; went to London, where he resided many years, and acquired a high reputation; but returned to Paris before the Revolution, and died there in 1804. He engraved numerous plates for Boydell, including nineteen in the collection of pictures belonging to the Empress Catherine II. Among his most celebrated plates are Moses striking the Rock, after Poussin; the Graces, after Rubens; the Prodigal Son, after S. Rosa; Alfred dividing his Last Loaf with a Pilgrim, after West, &c.—J. T—e.  MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect, was born at Castel Caprese, near Arezzo in Tuscany, on the 6th of March, 1475; his father, Lodovico Buonarroti, was governor of the castle of Chiusi and Caprese. Michelangelo must have shown a very early taste for art; for in 1488, when only thirteen years of age, he was apprenticed to the painter Ghirlandajo for three years, and as an evidence that he must have made considerable progress even at that time, instead of having to pay a premium for his tuition, he was paid a small salary for his services, namely, twenty-four florins for the whole term of apprenticeship. Sculpture, however, seems in a short time to have chiefly engrossed Michelangelo's attention. Lorenzo the Magnificent, a great lover of art, had established a species of drawing academy in a garden near the church of San Marco; and here the drawings and models of the young Buonarroti were so distinguished that Lorenzo was induced to give him a room in his own palace, and gave him some commissions in sculpture, and was thus the cause of determining Michelangelo to commence his career in that branch of art. It was while studying in this academy that a quarrel is said to have occurred between him and the sculptor Torregiano, who, with a blow in the face, so injured the nose of Michelangelo, that he was marked for life. After the death of Lorenzo in 1492 Michelangelo received nearly equal attention from Piero de Medici; but the political disturbances which ensued on the change of government, caused the young sculptor to leave Florence for a time and take refuge in Bologna. He also visited Venice, but he returned to Florence in 1494. He now rapidly distinguished himself as a sculptor; first by his "Sleeping Cupid," sold at Rome to Cardinal Riario as an antique; then by his Pieta, or group of "Mary weeping over the Body of Christ," now in St. Peter's at Rome, where it was executed in 1499. Michelangelo paid his first visit to Rome in 1496, but returned to Florence in 1501. He now executed his colossal David for the Piazza Granduca; but in this able work he completely displayed that mannerism in his style of form, which more or less characterizes nearly all his works—a heaviness of the limbs compared with their bodies; there is a cast of this figure in the South Kensington museum. In 1503 a commission which he received from the Gonfaloniere Soderini to decorate one end of the council hall at Florence as a companion to a similar decoration at the other end, intrusted to Leonardo da Vinci, again turned his attention from sculpture to painting, though the famous cartoon of the "Surprise of Pisan soldiers while bathing," executed in 1505 for this purpose, was never carried out in the hall. This design known as the "cartoon of Pisa," partly preserved in prints, is extremely spirited, and created a great sensation among the artists of Florence at the time. Benvenuto Cellini calls it "the school of the world." While this work was in progress Michelangelo visited Rome a second time in 1504-5, by the invitation of Pope Julius II., who wished to consult him about his monument. Michelangelo, however, offended by the treatment he received from some of the pope's servants, returned to Rome without permission, which offended the pope. They were again reconciled at Bologna, where in 1507 Michelangelo made, a bronze statue of Julius, which was afterwards converted in 1512 into a cannon by the Bolognese, and used against his Holiness himself. In 1508 he returned to Rome, and was ordered by the pope to paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel. Raphael was commissioned to paint the Vatican chambers in the same year. Michelangelo wished at first to escape this commission, conscious of his own inexperience, and suggested Raphael as a fitter person; but the pope persisted, urged on, it is said, by the jealousy of Bramante, who wished to show the inferiority of the celebrated Florentine to his countryman Raphael. If this be true, the scheme signally failed; for Michelangelo produced the great triumph of his life—the frescoes of the "Prophets and Sibyls," and the "History of the creation and Fall of Man"—on the vault of this chapel of the popes at Rome. The chapel is 133 feet long by 43 wide; an outline of the designs is given in the translation of Kugler's Handbook of Painting, Italian schools. Michelangelo at first got some painters from Florence to help him; but being dissatisfied with their work, he knocked it all down, and executed the frescoes themselves in the short space of twenty months; he completed his work in October, 1512, and returned to Florence that same month. In 1513 Julius II. died; the famous mausoleum designed by the pope was given up of necessity, and a modest monument substituted in its place. But during the whole pontificate of Leo X.—Lorenzo the Magnificent's second son, Giovanni de' Medici—Michelangelo's great powers were wasted; 