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MAR minister of state, was resolved to rule without her. She intrigued for his overthrow in vain. The king gave her up, and in 1631 she was fixed at Compiègne in a species of honourable confinement. In July of that year she escaped into the Low Countries, and settling at Brussels, waged a war of pamphlets, intrigues, and plots against the cardinal. In 1638 she left Brussels for Holland, whence she proceeded to England, where her daughter Henrietta Maria was queen. Quitting England in 1641, the royal exile took refuge at Cologne, and died there in the month of June, 1642. Her remains were carried to St. Denis for interment—R. H.  MARY TUDOR, Queen of France, was the youngest daughter of Henry VII. of England, and was born in 1497. To the warm temperament of her race she added great personal beauty, and was the object of a deep attachment on the part of Charles Brandon, whom Henry VIII. created duke of Suffolk. The marriage of the loving pair was, however, interrupted by a treaty of peace with France, by which Mary became the wife of King Louis XII. with a dowry of four hundred thousand crowns, on the 9th of October, 1514. The health of Louis soon gave way, and Mary was left a widow in 1515. Three months later, returning to her old love, she was married to Suffolk. One of her daughters by him became the mother of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey.—R. H.  MASACCIO,, commonly called Masaccio, that is to say, Tommasaccio, from his slovenly habits, was born at Castel San Giovanni in the upper Val D'Arno in 1402. Very little of his education is known; but he is supposed to have been the pupil of Masolino da Panicale, a distinguished painter of Florence, who was engaged, about 1422 and following years, in decorating with frescoes the Brancacci chapel in the church of the Carmine in that city. Masolino was tempted about 1424-25 to accept some engagement in Hungary, and he left the Brancacci chapel unfinished. Masaccio was employed to complete the chapel, and though still but a youth in 1425 when he commenced his series of frescoes, he produced in the years 1425-27 the most remarkable works of painting, and in several respects the most excellent that had appeared up to that time. The compositions of Masaccio in this chapel are—"The Expulsion from Paradise; "The Tribute-money;" "St. Peter Baptizing;" a part of "The Apostles restoring a Youth to Life"—this was finished about fifty years later by Filippino Lippi; "The Death of Ananias;" "The Deformed cured by the Shadow of St. Peter;" and possibly the fresco of "St. Paul visiting St. Peter in Prison," universally attributed to Masaccio till lately, but now by some modern critics confidently assigned to Filippino Lippi. It is this last composition that contains the celebrated figure of St. Paul, which was afterwards adopted by Raphael in his famous cartoon of "Paul preaching at Athens;" and this circumstance necessarily added much to the glory of Masaccio, a glory, however, which now devolves in some degree upon Filippino Lippi, though the assumed later period of the production of the figure, necessarily diminishes its relative merit. Masaccio painted also, in Santa Maria Novella, a fresco of the Trinity, with the Virgin Mary, John the Evangelist, and the donors in adoration, which has been only recently recovered and restored to light; it was executed before the works of the Brancacci chapel. In 1427 for reasons not explained, but either for purposes of study or by command of the pope, Martin V., Masaccio went to Rome, leaving the fresco of the "Resuscitation of a Boy" only half finished. Here, according to tradition, he painted in fresco a Crucifixion, and some scenes from the life of St. Catherine, in the church of San Clemente; but, as these works are inferior to those of the Brancacci chapel, his share in them is supposed to have been limited to the furnishing the cartoons only. In Rome Masaccio suddenly died, either late in 1428 or early in 1429, although he was then only twenty-six years of age; and a report was circulated in Florence that he died by poison. Such is the simple story of Masaccio's short life, yet, short as it was, he was unquestionably one of the great pioneers of modern art; he was one of the very first to paint men and things as they really appear. What Donatello did for sculpture, Masaccio did for painting; he forsook traditionary art for the exact study of nature, giving individuality of expression to his heads, and natural ease to his figures and draperies; he was thus the first to open the paths to what is termed naturalism in modern art. The style of art established by him experienced no material change for nearly two generations, or until the appearance of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. The Brancacci chapel was till the time of Raphael, nearly a century, the chief school of painting of all the great artists of Rome and of Florence, not excepting Michelangelo and Raphael themselves. Its frescoes have been engraved by Lasinio; and some of the heads by Thomas Patch. The National gallery possesses an interesting and well-painted head, said to be the portrait of Masaccio, by himself; but the probability is rather that it is the portrait of Filippino Lippi, by himself. For full authorities relating to the facts of Masaccio's life, see the National Gallery Descriptive Catalogue, 34th edition, 1862.—R. N. W.  MASANIELLO (in full, ), a revolutionary leader, was born about 1623 at Amalfi, where he was a fisherman, and afterwards came to Naples, and set up in the same trade. Handsome, spirited, straightforward, and helpful, he became remarkably popular among his own class. The kingdom of Naples was at this time a Spanish dependency, governed by a viceroy, the duke of Arcos. Grinding oppression had reduced the country to the lowest ebb. The viceroy, to turn into money a gift voted by the states, had mortgaged it to some merchants, and assigned them a duty upon fruit for payment—a duty peculiarly odious to the common people. Masaniello, who not only felt with them, but bore a grudge to the administration for having lately imprisoned his wife for smuggling a little meal, concerted a tumult; but, before this came to effect, a spontaneous collision on account of the tax ensued between the people and the tax-gatherers. This was on the 7th July, 1647, when Masaniello was about twenty-four years of age. He made himself prominent in the movement from the first, and upon the flight of the viceroy from his palace to a convent, became by the popular favour almost the absolute master of the city and its inhabitants. Up to the 13th July inclusive, Masaniello showed singular vigilance, good sense, and disinterestedness in this giddy elevation. The tax-offices were demolished, and some noblemen's houses gutted by fire, without any pillaging; and after some attempts by the viceroy, aided by some nobles, to over-reach the popular negotiators and assassinate Masaniello, several nobles and others were slaughtered, and their houses burned. The people, however, were in the main only standing up for their rights. Their demand was, not for an overthrow of the existing government, but for the observance of a charter granted by Charles V., whereby no tax could be imposed upon the kingdom without the sovereign's express authority. On the 13th an accommodation to this effect was ratified between the viceroy and Masaniello, as captain-general of the people; and the latter, declining a rich jewelled collar, returned on foot to his mean dwelling, and seems even to have prepared for resuming his ordinary business. On the 14th July he again visited the viceroy. From this day he became truly frantic; a phenomenon which popular suspicion ascribed to some foul practice of the duke, but which, as far as evidence goes, was simple insanity, not perhaps very surprising under the circumstances, yet strangely sudden and calamitous. He indulged in absurd acts of arrogance and ostentation, directly alien from his previous conduct, and issued orders of atrocious violence. Potentates and people were now equally against him. On the 16th July four men entered a convent where he was staying, and shot him dead. His head was cut off, and his body thrown into the sewer; yet next day a complete revulsion of popular feeling took place, and a most magnificent funeral was given to his remains. The revolt did not die out with its hero, but led to a long series of important events.—W. M. R.  MASCAGNI,, an Italian anatomist, born in 1752. He studied medicine at the university of Siena, and in 1774 succeeded Tabarini as professor of anatomy in that school. Here he remained till 1800, when he removed to the university of Pisa, but in the following year went to Florence, where he died in 1815. Mascagni was an excellent anatomist, and is especially celebrated for his work on the absorbent system, "Vasorum lymphaticorum corporis humani, historia et iconographia," published in 1787. The plates of this work are engraved with extreme delicacy by Cyro-Sancti.—W. B—d.  MASCH,, a German theologian, was born in 1724. He held the office of preacher to the ducal court of Strelitz, and was also appointed ecclesiastical superintendent of the circle of Stargard. He died in 1807. Masch was a voluminous writer. His best known works are an enlarged and corrected edition of Le Long's Bibliotheca Sacra, in 4 vols., 4to, 1778; "Memoires pour servir a' l'histoire des livres curieux," 1769-76; "Antiquitès religieuses des Obotrites," 4to. 