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MAR  attentive to toxicological inquiries and experiments, and in consequence of being the inventor of a new apparatus for detecting arsenic was frequently consulted in cases of death by poison The apparatus, by the invention of which he gained a great reputation, still goes by the name of Marsh's apparatus. The object of it is to detect the minutest quantities of arsenic in any liquid found in the stomach or tissues of a dead body; and its sensitiveness is extreme. Since its first construction, it has been slightly modified and perfected by succeeding chemists, and is now allowed to surpass all other methods that have been employed. In France it acquired great celebrity at the time of the trial of Madame Lafarge, when its use was of immense importance to the French toxicologists consulted upon that occasion. Marsh died in 1846.—W. B—d.  MARSH,, born at Hannington in Wiltshire in 1638; was educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. In 1673 he was nominated principal of Alban hall, and in 1678 provost of Trinity college, Dublin. He was appointed bishop of Leighlin and Ferns in 1683, and was successively promoted to be archbishop of Cashel, 1690; of Dublin, 1699; and of Armagh, 1703. At Dublin he built a splendid library, filled it with books, and provided salaries for librarians; he also founded an almshouse at Drogheda, and repaired many churches. Died in 1713.  MARSHALL,, an American botanist, died in 1801. He was one of the early observers of American plants, and formed a botanic garden in 1773. In 1780 he published "Arbustum Americanum," the first publication on the botany of the United States by an American. He corresponded with Dr. Fothergill, Dr. Franklin, Sir Joseph Banks, and other eminent men. A memoir of him was published by Dr. Darlington at Philadelphia in 1849. In 1791 a genus, Marshallia, was named after him by Schreber.—J. H. B.  MARSHALL,, an American statesman and lawyer, born in Virginia, 24th September, 1755; died at Philadelphia, 6th July, 1835. He served in the war of independence, and was present in several engagements, but afterwards studied law and went to the bar. He became a member of the convention and legislature of Virginia, and was twice offered the post of attorney-general, but declined it. In 1797 he was sent to France with Pinckney and Geary on a diplomatic mission to the directory—a mission executed with satisfaction to all parties. On his return to America he became successively member of congress and secretary of state, and in 1802 succeeded John Jay as chief-justice of the United States. He left a "Life of Washington;" and Judge Story edited his professional reports, "The Writings of John Marshall, late Chief-justice of the United States upon the Federal Constitution."—P. E. D.  MARSHALL,, B.D., a leading divine in the Westminster assembly, was born at Godmanchester in Huntingdonshire early in the seventeenth century, and was educated at Emmanuel college, Cambridge. Having taken orders, his first charge was at Wethersfield in Essex, where he was eminently popular as a preacher. He was next settled in Finchingfield in Essex, but was silenced for nonconformity, and remained under suspension till the national reaction reached its height in 1640. His reputation as a preacher now rose rapidly, and he was appointed lecturer at St. Margaret's, Westminster, where he was at the very focus of affairs. He was often called to preach before parliament, and was consulted by them in all matters of importance relating to religion. He was one of the authors of the famous polemical volume, "Smectymnuus," and in 1641 was appointed chaplain to the earl of Essex's regiment in the parliamentary army. In 1643 he was chosen a member of the Westminster assembly, in the deliberations of which he bore a distinguished share, and in many of the public transactions which followed during the war he took a prominent and influential part. His activity and importance excited against him of course the warmest resentment of the royalists, and their writers of all classes overwhelm him with calumnies and reproaches. But Baxter, who knew him well, calls him "a sober and worthy man," and used to observe, that if all the bishops had been like Usher, all the independents like Burroughs, and all the presbyterians like Marshall, the divisions of the church would soon have been healed. This testimony is highly honourable to his moderation, and may fairly be looked upon as outweighing all the passionate tirades of his declared enemies. He spent his last two years at Ipswich, where he died in 1655. He was interred with much solemnity in Westminster abbey; but his body was dug up again at the Restoration. He left numerous published sermons and some other pieces.—P. L.  MARSHALL,, a learned and pious divine, born about 1621 at Barkby in Leicestershire, was educated at Lincoln college, Oxford. During the civil wars he went abroad, and was for some years English preacher at Rotterdam and Dort. In 1681 he was appointed dean of Gloucester. Died in 1685.  MARSHALL,, the author of many works on agriculture, was born in 1745, and died at Pickering in Yorkshire, September 18, 1818. Having made a series of tours through all parts of the country, he published his observations, which contain an ample account of the "best and worst husbandry of England during the middle and towards the close of the last century."—D. W. R.  * MARSHALL,, R.A., was born at Edinburgh in 1813. After a preliminary training in his native city he removed to London, entered as a student in the Royal Academy, where he won the gold medal, and became successively the pupil of Chantrey and Baily. He went to Rome in 1838. From 1839 Mr. Marshall has been, of all our sculptors, the most regular contributor of poetic sculpture to the annual exhibitions of the Royal Academy. His imaginative works consist usually of single figures, or of groups of two figures, illustrative of some incident in scripture, a passage in our native poets, or some simple original conception; though, like all modern sculptors, Mr. Marshall has of course had his Cupids, and Zephyrs, and Nymphs, and Satyrs, and other mortals and immortals from the well-worn Greek and Roman mythology. "The Creation of Adam;" "The Expulsion;" "Eve and the First-born;" "Ruth;" "David with the head of Goliah;" "Una and the Lion;" "Sabrina" (two works which have been exceedingly popular as Parian statuettes); "Frolic" (a mother playing with her child); "The First Whisper of Love;" "A Dancing Girl reposing;" "Ariel;" "Ophelia"—are the titles of a few of the more admired of Mr. Marshall's imaginative works, and will suffice to show the range of his chisel. His monumental works are not very numerous: the chief are—the marble statue of Thomas Campbell in Westminster Abbey; the elaborate Peel memorial erected in Manchester; the seated bronze statue of Jenner in Trafalgar Square; Captain Coram, a sandstone statue for the front of the Foundling hospital; Joseph Hume, erected in Montrose; and the marble statues of Chaucer, and the chancellors Clarendon and Somers, for the new palace at Westminster. Mr. Marshall gained the first premium of £700 in the competition for the Wellington memorial to be erected in St. Paul's; but, as is not surprising considering the wretched way in which these competitions are usually mismanaged, he was not employed to execute the monument, though he has on hand a bas-relief for the chapel in which it is to be placed. He is at present engaged, among other things, on a monument for the town of Bolton of Samuel Crompton, the inventor of the spinning mule. Mr. Marshall was elected A.R.A. in 1844, and R.A. in 1852; he is also an associate of the Scottish Academy.—J. T—e. <section end="359H" /> <section begin="359I" />MARSHAM,, an eminent English chronologist, born in London on the 23d August, 1602, and died at Bushley hall, Herts, on the 25th May, 1685. After taking his degree at Oxford, he spent several years on the continent visiting France, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. On his return, he became one of the six clerks of chancery. In the civil war he took the royalist side, lost the greater part of his means, and in consequence gave himself up to study. In 1660 he entered Charles II.'s parliament, was reinstated in office, and was made a baronet. He is regarded as the first who made the antiquities of Egypt intelligible. His works were "Diatriba Chronologica," 4to, London, 1649, the best portion of which afterwards appeared as "Chronologicus Canon Ægypticus, Ebraicus, Græcus, et Disquisitiones," London, 1672.—P. E. D. <section end="359I" /> <section begin="359Zcontin" />MARSHMAN,, D.D., an energetic missionary, and one of the so-called Serampore brethren, was born at Westbury Leigh, Wiltshire, on the 20th of April, 1768. His father was a pious weaver, and his mother descended from one of the Huguenots driven into England by the revocation of the edict of Nantes. All the regular instruction which Joshua received was obtained during a brief attendance at the village school. But his thirst for knowledge was unquenchable, and he eagerly devoured every book that came in his way. The Bible, Pilpay's Fables, Hudibras, Don Quixote, Robinson Crusoe, and Paradise Lost are specimens of his various reading at this time. At the <section end="359Zcontin" />