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MAN loss of sixty-seven persons within sixty yards of the beach. Captain Manby's reflections on what he had witnessed led him to make a series of experiments for throwing a line from the shore to a ship in distress. In 1783 he had thrown a line from a small mortar over Downham church, and he now applied his experience to the saving of shipwrecked mariners. In February, 1808, he rescued the crew of the brig Elizabeth of Plymouth, exposed to great danger one hundred and fifty yards from shore. This was the first of many victories over the dangers of a storm on the coast. In 1810 his services underwent an investigation before a committee of the house of commons, the report of which secured £2000 to Manby, and recommended that his mortars should be stationed in various parts of the coast. A further grant was bestowed on the gallant captain, and his mode of lighting up a vessel on a dark night by fireballs was generally adopted. Altogether he is said to have saved by his various apparatus one thousand lives. The grants bestowed on him by the government amounted to £7000. He died at his residence in Southtown, Great Yarmouth, in 1854.—R. H.  * MANCINELLI,, the most distinguished of the modern painters of Naples, was born there in 1813. His father filled a domestic station in the household of Prince Ventignano, who having discovered the boy's talent procured his admission as a student into the Neapolitan academy. By a picture of the "Death of Archimedes," painted in 1835, the young painter obtained a royal pension, was sent to Rome, and had the privilege of occupying apartments in the Palazzo Farnese, the property of the crown of Naples. Here his studies were directed by Camuccini; but he was also much influenced by the severe religious works of the German Overbeck, already one of the most conspicuous painters of the Eternal city. Mancinelli, however, adhered to the example of the Italian cinquecento masters in style and subjects, adopting Roman form and Venetian colour, and combining the profane with the sacred theme; he also paid much attention to portrait-painting. Many of the palaces of Naples, public and private, contain remarkable works by Mancinelli, which were nearly all painted at Rome during his fifteen years' residence there, until the year 1850, when he was appointed to the professorship of painting in the Neapolitan academy—a post which he gained by competition; and he has been a popular teacher at Naples from that time. Of Mancinelli's many works, showing the variety of his subjects, may be mentioned—"Ajax and Cassandra," painted in 1840; two scenes from the life of Tasso, purchased by King Ferdinand; "San Filippo Neri declining the Cardinal's Hat," painted in 1845, belonging to the duchess of Berry; "Alfonso of Arragon distributing bread to the poor expelled from the city of Gaeta," now at Caserta; "Jupiter and Leda," in the gallery of the Marchese Ala; and "San Carlo Borromeo administering the Viaticum to a plague-stricken youth, who is miraculously healed," in the church of San Carlo all' Arena, painted in 1847 for the municipality of Naples, who were so well pleased with the success and effect of the work that, with a generosity unusual for municipal bodies, they paid the painter double the stipulated price. Also, "San Francesco di Paola presented to King Ferrante," for King Ferdinand; and the "Finding of Moses," painted for the count of Aquila in 1850.—(Lord Napier. Notes on Modern Painting at Naples, 1855.)—R. N. W.  MANDER, C. . See.  MANDEVILLE,, a philosophical writer, was born at Dort in Holland, about the year 1670. He was educated for the medical profession, and after taking the degree of M.D. in his native country removed to London, where he commenced to practise as a physician. His first work, published in 1709, was entitled "The Virgin Unmasked;" it is a coarse treatise on a coarse subject. In 1714 he wrote a poem called "The Grumbling Hive, or knaves turned honest," consisting of about four hundred lines in octosyllabic verse. To this he afterwards added long notes and illustrations, and then recast the whole, and published it as a prose treatise, under the title of "The Fable of the Bees, or private vices public benefits." The second title indicates the scope of the work, which is an endeavour to show that many actions and qualities which are called vicious in the individual, conduce ultimately to the benefit of society at large; and not only so, but that the welfare of society is dependent upon the immorality of individuals, and could not exist without it. This doctrine, which the moral instinct of man and the judgment of all the profoundest writers on ethics unite in condemning, was supported by Mandeville with great, but more or less perverted ingenuity, and illustrated by a thousand curious and interesting social facts, with which his close observation of human life supplied him. The work was presented at quarter sessions in 1723 by the Middlesex grand jury, as injurious to morality. His subsequent writings were, "Free Thoughts on Religion, the Church, and National Happiness," and "An Inquiry into the origin of Honour, and the Usefulness of Christianity in War." It appears that he had not a lucrative practice; but Sir John Hawkins, in his Life of Dr. Johnson, states that he was partly supported by a pension settled on him by some Dutch merchants. He is said by the same writer to have enjoyed the friendship and patronage of the earl of Macclesfield. He was acquainted with Addison, whom, after passing an evening with him, he sarcastically described as "a parson in a tye-wig." Mandeville died in 1733.—T. A.  MANDEVILLE or MAUNDEVILLE,, the earliest notable English traveller, and the first known writer of a book in English prose, was born at St. Alban's about 1300. He applied himself to the study of physic, as a preparation for the grand design of his life—a journey to the Holy Land and other parts of the world. He departed from England in 1322; and during an absence of thirty-four years he travelled through Scythia, Armenia, Egypt, Libya, Arabia, Syria, Media, Mesopotamia, Persia, Chaldea, Greece, Illyrium, and Tartary. In the singular and interesting account of his travels, credulity and superstition are mingled with research; but his shrewdness of observation and accuracy of description have been attested in many points by modern investigators. With the sultan of Egypt he "dwelled a great while, as a soldier in his wars against the Bedouins." He goes on to say—"And he would have married me to a great prince's daughter if I would have forsaken my law and my belief; but I thank God I had no will to do it." His intimacy with the sultan admitted of private interviews; and on one occasion his majesty gave the traveller a very pretty lecture on the vices of christian folk, which Mandeville repeats with great unction, and which he may be suspected of embellishing, if indeed he is not the sole composer of the discourse. For fifteen months he and his fellow-travellers, with their yeomen, served the great khan of Cathay, and were his soldiers "against the khan of Mancy," simply from a desire to see his "noblesse, and the estate of his court, and all his governance." Altogether, the enterprising character of English travellers was well represented by this gallant and inquisitive knight; and his book, in spite of its marvellous stories, contains much that is instructive as well as interesting. He wrote his book of travels first in Latin, then in French, and finally in vulgar English, "that every man of his nation might understand it." Its popularity indeed was extraordinary. Translations were made into most of the languages of Europe; and the first edition of the book from the printing press appeared in Italian, at Milan, in 1480. The love of travel appears to have seized Mandeville again in his old age, and he died at Liege, 17th November, 1371, and was buried there in the abbey of the order of Gulielmites. Weever gives an epitaph on the traveller, which he professes to have seen at Liege; while he ridicules the verses put up in St. Alban's abbey church to the memory of Mandeville.—R. H.  MANES. See.  MANETHO, an Egyptian priest and writer, belonged to the town Sebennytus in the Delta and lived under Ptolemy Lagi, and perhaps also under Philadelphus his successor. Very little is known of his history. It is uncertain whether he was high-priest of Egypt, or if he officiated at Heliopolis. It is related that the king of Egypt was induced by a dream to order the colossal statue of a god to be transported from Sinope to Egypt; and that when it arrived, Ptolemy inquired of his interpreter the Athenian Timotheus, and of Manetho, to which god it belonged. On their affirming that it represented Serapis, the king built a temple to him and instituted his worship. Manetho had great reputation for wisdom and learning. He was the first Egyptian who wrote in Greek an account of his country's chronology, learning, and doctrines. For this purpose he made use of the sacred books and writings of the Egyptians themselves. His works were twofold, theological and historical. To the first class belonged the, which unfolded the Egyptian belief respecting the gods, their origin and that of the world, and the principles of morality. This is now lost; but Plutarch has preserved various statements of it in his De Iside et Osiri. Another was on "Cyphi," i.e., the sacred 