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MAC latter, "The Philosophy of the Beautiful." His latest work bears the title of "First Lines of Science Simplified, and the structure of the molecules of bodies attempted."—J. H. B.  * M'WILLIAM,, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.P. London, C.B., R.N., and medical inspector of her majesty's customs, was born at Dalkeith in 1807. He studied his profession under the eminent doctors Andrew, Walter, and Charles Graham, the second of whom was surgeon-extraordinary to the king, George IV. In 1829 M'William, after the usual course of medical education at the university of Edinburgh, commenced his career in the royal navy, serving on the home. West India, and Mediterranean stations; was promoted to the rank of surgeon in 1837; and took service during that and the two following years on the west coast of Africa, when he was rewarded with the "Blane gold medal," for the best medical journal in the naval service. In 1841 he was appointed principal medical officer to the Niger expedition, under the command of Captain Trotter, R.N. The deeply interesting, but harrowing details of the disastrous return voyage down the river, in which Dr. M'William displayed almost superhuman energy and devotion, are matter of history. They have been recorded in the Narrative of the Niger Expedition by Captain Allen and Dr. Thomson, and in medical and scientific journals of the time. The doctor has himself given to the world a very valuable "Medical History of the Niger Expedition." The merits of this work elicited deserved encomiums from the leading journalists of both Europe and America. The author's natural delicacy restrained him from dwelling upon circumstances which called forth the most exalted heroism on his part; but a glowing testimony has been paid to it by Captain Trotter in one of his despatches printed among the papers relative to the expedition, which were presented to parliament. In 1846 he was selected by the director-general of the naval medical department to proceed to the Cape de Verde Islands, and investigate the nature and origin of the yellow fever prevailing at Boā Vista. His report was printed by order of parliament, and his services at Boā Vista were most flatteringly acknowledged by Lord Howard de Walden and Seaford, her majesty's ambassador at the court of Lisbon. Sir William Pym in a letter to the lords of the council, April 23, 1847, states that Dr. M'William "followed up his investigation with great judgment, perseverance, and impartiality. Those questions which have reference to the infectious or contagious power of the yellow fever. Dr. M'William has finally settled and brought to a complete test, and he deserves well of his country," In the same year his distinguished services were recognized by Earl Russell, and his devotion rewarded by his present appointment as medical inspector of H.M. customs. He has ably filled the office of secretary to the Epidemiological Society since 1850; and has contributed to the various periodicals of the day many valuable papers, amongst which may be mentioned, "Observations on Second Report on Quarantine by the General Board of Health relating to Yellow Fever Epidemic on board H.M.S. Eclair, and at Boā Vista," 1852;" "On Malaria as a source of fever in warm climates," Athenæum, 1844; "On Contagion of Cholera,"Medical Gazette, June, 1849; "On the use of Bofareina as a means of exciting lactation among the natives of Cape de Verds" (read before British Association, Edinburgh, 1850; Lancet, 1850); "Statistical Account of Health of Water Guard and Water-side Officers of H.M. Customs" (read before British Association for promotion of Social Science at Birmingham, 1857). To the untiring exertions of Dr. M'William, who has been long known as a successful and zealous advocate of naval medical reform, the medical officers of the royal navy are mainly indebted for the general improvement in rank and position at length conceded to them; and of which they were so fully sensible, that in 1858 they united in presenting to him a magnificent service of plate. In 1858 also he was appointed by her majesty a companion of the bath, in graceful recognition of his services to his country.—F. J. H.  MADDEN,, Colonel, an Indian officer and botanist, was born in Ireland, and died at Edinburgh in 1856. He entered the service of the East India Company, and visited many interesting districts, more especially among the Himalaya. In 1848 he published his memoir on "The Turaee and Outer Mountains of Kumaon," which appeared in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. On his return to Britain he settled in Edinburgh, and became an active member of the Royal and Botanical Societies. Some of his papers appear in the Transactions of the last mentioned society.—J. H. B.  * MADDEN,, M.D., F.R.C.S.L., was born in Dublin in 1798, and was educated there. Since 1833 he has been in the civil service of government in several important offices, especially those connected with the suppression of slavery and the slave-trade; and his services in the cause of humanity are to be found noticed frequently in the parliamentary slave-trade papers, and commended in the correspondence of Clarkson, Buxton, Sturge, and Stephen. He was appointed to the office of special magistrate in Jamaica in 1833; to that of superintendent of liberated Africans at the Havana in 1835; and in 1836 of acting commissioner of arbitration in the mixed court of justice for the Havana, where he remained till 1839. He was appointed commissioner of inquiry on the west coast of Africa on slave trade and state of English settlements in 1840; colonial secretary of Western Australia in 1847; and secretary to the Loan Fund Board, in Ireland, in 1850. Dr. Madden is a member of many British and Foreign literary and scientific societies. As an author Dr. Madden has contributed largely to the literature of his times. In 1829 he published "Travels in Turkey, Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine," in 2 vols. 8vo; "The Mussulman," in 3 vols. 8vo, 1830; "The Infirmities of Genius," in 2 vols. 8vo, 1833; "Travels in the West Indies, and Notices of Emancipation of Slaves in 1834, and of Apprenticeship of Negroes," in 2 vols. 8vo, 1835; "Poems on Sacred Subjects," in 8vo, 1838; "Poems written on Cuban Slavery, translated from the Spanish," in 8vo, 1840; "Egypt and Mohammed Ali, and Condition of his Slaves and Subjects," in 8vo, 1841; "Connection of the Kingdom of Ireland with the Crown of England," in 8vo, 1845; "History of the Penal Laws enacted against Roman Catholics," in 8vo, 1847; "The Island of Cuba, its Resources, Progress, and Prospects," in 12mo, 1849; "Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old and New World," in 2 vols. 8vo, 1851; "The Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola," in 2 vols. 8vo, 1854; "Memoirs and Correspondence of the Countess of Blessington," in 3 vols. 8vo, 1855; "Phantasmata, or Illusions and Fanaticisms of an epidemic character," in 2 vols. 8vo, 1857; "The Turkish Empire in its relations with Christianity and Civilization," in 2 vols. 8vo, May, 1861. "The Lives and Times of the United Irishmen," Dr. Madden's most important work, first appeared in seven volumes, 8vo, in three series, 1842, 1843, 1846. A revised edition has been recently published in four volumes, 8vo: it is a work of great labour and research. Dr. Madden has contributed largely to the periodical and pamphlet literature of his day.—J. F. W.  MADDEN,, D.D., one of the founders of the Royal Dublin Society, and whose name is connected with the most useful Irish institutions of his day, was born in Dublin in 1687, and graduated in Trinity college in that city. In 1729 he produced a tragedy, "Themistocles," which was acted at Lincoln's-Inn-Fields for nine nights with considerable success. Returning to Ireland, he entered the church, and was presented to a family living worth £400 a year. He applied himself from this period untiringly to the promotion of every beneficial scheme for the advancement of his country. To him is due in 1731 the conferring of premiums at the quarterly examinations in Trinity college. The same year he assisted a few other patriotic individuals in establishing the Dublin Society, which, in the words of Arthur Young, "has the undoubted merit of being the parent of all the similar societies now existing in Europe." In 1738 Madden led the way to the most important efforts ever made for the civilization of Ireland by his pamphlet, entitled "Reflections and Resolutions proper for the Gentlemen of Ireland," proposing premiums for competition in painting, statuary, and architecture; renewing the subject in the following year in a letter to the Dublin Society in which he offered £130 a year for a premium fund for those objects. The result was to give an impetus to the fine arts in Ireland, which from that day have been steadily prospering. Dr. Madden wrote "Memoirs of the twentieth century, or original letters of state under George VI.;" but only one volume appeared, which was called in and cancelled. Madden was acquainted with Dr. Johnson, who had a high opinion of the man, though he justly thought him but an indifferent poet. "He submitted," says Johnson, speaking of Boulter's monument, "that work to my castigation; and I remember I blotted a great many lines, and might have blotted more without making the poem worse. Madden might afford to be a bad poet, and rest his fame on being a public benefactor." "His monuments," says a modern writer, "are thick around us. 