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LOU office he turned to account by amassing money. On the 22d February, 1382, he went to Avignon, and received investiture as king of Naples. He took the title of king and marched south; but his army melted away from disease, and he died in a little town of Apulia.   II., King of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusalem, Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence, &c., was born at Toulouse on the 7th October, 1377, and died on the 29th April, 1417. He was the son of Louis I. and succeeded his father in 1384. In 1389 he was crowned by Pope Clement VII. He then sailed for Italy, made himself master of Naples, and remained there eight years. He was then driven out by Ladislaus; and leaving Italy, he married a daughter of the king of Arragon. He made several attempts to recover his kingdom, but was unsuccessful. In 1415 he instituted the parliament of Aix, and greatly extended the privileges of the universities of Aix and Angers. He died at the latter town.   III., King of Naples, Duke of Anjou and Touraine, &c., was born on the 25th September, 1403, and died at Cosenza on the 15th November, 1434. At the age of seven he was married to Catherine of Burgundy, who was ten years old. In 1413 the young lady was sent back to her father, which added new fuel to the war of factions in France. In 1420 he went to Naples to conquer his kingdom, and was very nearly successful, but was arrested by death at the age of thirty-one. He married Margaret of Savoy, but left no issue, and was succeeded by his brother René, called the Good.—P. E. D.  LOUIS, better known as Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, was born 18th November, 1772, and killed near Saalfeld, 10th October, 1806. He was the son of Prince Augustus Frederick, brother of Frederick the Great and Anne of Brandenburg. He made his first campaign against the French in 1792, and distinguished himself by great personal courage. In 1805 he was at Magdeburg, and vehemently opposed the peace party. He would make no terms with France. In 1806 war again commenced, and Louis met the French near Saalfeld. After performing prodigies of valour he was defeated, and was one of the last on the field. While retiring, a French hussar summoned him to surrender, but Louis replied by a cut with his sabre. The hussar parried, gave point, run the prince through, and he fell dead on the field.—P. E. D.  LOUIS. See.  LOUIS,, surgeon, born at Metz in 1723. He practised in Paris, where he became successively surgeon-major to the hospital La Charité, secretary of the Royal Academy of Surgery, consulting surgeon to his majesty's forces, &c. He attained great reputation in his profession, and is the author of several medical works. He died in 1792.—W. B—d.  LOUIS,, Baron, a distinguished French statesman, was born at Toul in 1755, and died in 1837. He was educated for the church and took orders; but his propensity for political science brought him into influential circles, and an active participation in public affairs. In 1793 he emigrated to England where he remained for some months, and on his return was employed in various offices. In 1811 he was nominated of the conseil d'etat, and soon after created a baron by Napoleon, who greatly admired him, and was well served by him in the treasury department. In 1815 he was dismissed from office because he would not consent to indemnify the allied powers, but Louis XVIII. restored to him his position, and from that time till his death he exercised great influence, and assumed a prominent place at several important junctures. He is sometimes called the Abbé Louis.—B. H. C.  LOUISA,, Queen of Prussia, was born at Hanover on the 10th March, 1776, and died 19th July, 1810. She was the daughter of Duke Charles of Mecklenburg and Frederika of Hesse Darmstadt. At the age of six she lost her mother, and was brought up by her grandmother the landgravine of Darmstadt. The prince-royal of Prussia met her at Frankfort, and was so much struck with her beauty and the vivacity of her conversation that he offered her his hand. The marriage took place on the 24th December, 1793, and in 1797 the prince came to the throne of Prussia. She was exceedingly popular with the Prussians, especially because she encouraged her husband at all hazards to continue the war with France. The Emperor Alexander went to Potsdam, and at midnight, in the presence of the queen and at the tomb of Frederick the Great, the two sovereigns swore to maintain their alliance. Napoleon, in the seventeenth bulletin of the campaign of 1805, caricatures this meeting, and with subtle malice compares the appearance of the queen to that of Lady Hamilton in the London engravings. He said that the result of the meeting had been the battle of Austerlitz and the evacuation of Germany by the Russian army in seven-league boots. The battles of Jena, Eylau, and Friedland appear to have broken her health. She met Napoleon at Tilsit, and was an unwilling party to the treaty bearing that name. In June, 1810, she was seriously indisposed, and in July died in the arms of the king. At Berlin she founded an educational establishment for girls, which still bears her name.—P. E. D. <section end="253H" /> <section begin="253I" />LOUPOLOFF,. a Russian heroine of private life, whose filial devotion supplied Madame Cottin with the groundwork of Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia, was born in 1785. Having voluntarily shared the sufferings of her father, a Russian officer exiled to Siberia, she performed alone and on foot the journey from Tobolsk to St. Petersburg, where she procured from the Emperor Alexander her father's pardon. In accordance with a vow she then retired into a convent.—F. E. <section end="253I" /> <section begin="253J" />LOUTHERBOURGH,, was born at Strasburg about 1730. Of his early career little is known. He probably spent some time at Marseilles, and here acquired his skill as a marine painter. He was a member of the Academy of Marseilles. Loutherbourgh was distinguished also as a battle and landscape painter, and in 1763 was elected a member of the Academy of Painting at Paris. In 1771 he came to England, and settled in this country, and in 1779 was elected a member of the Royal Academy in London. He resided the latter part of his life at Chiswick, where he died on the 11th March, 1812. Among his principal works are—the "Destruction of the Spanish Armada;" the "Fire of London;" and "Lord Howe's Victory," 1st June, 1794. He also etched a few plates.—(Gault de St. Germain, Trois Siècles de la Peinture, &c.)—R. N. W. <section end="253J" /> <section begin="253K" />LOUVERTURE. See. <section end="253K" /> <section begin="253L" />LOUVET DE COUVRAY,, author and politician, was born at Paris on the 11th June, 1760. The son of a tradesman, he was imperfectly educated, and became the secretary or amanuensis of a mineralogist. Between 1787 and 1789 he published "Les Aventures du Chevalier de Fanblas," for which its shameless indecency procured a large circulation; a fact indicative of the state of the French mind just before the great convulsion of 1789. The Revolution found the author of "Fanblas" clerk to a bookseller. He engaged in politics; was an ardent republican, and started a journal. After the catastrophe of the 10th of August he entered the convention, and attached himself to the Girondin party. He shared in their proscription by the triumphant terrorists. His account of his adventures, and those of ten fellow-Girondins, when hiding and flying for life in Brittany and the region of the Gironde, is the most interesting of his writings. After the fall of Robespierre he returned to politics, and opened a book-shop in Paris. He died in 1797.—F. E. <section end="253L" /> <section begin="253Zcontin" />LOUVOIS,, Marquis de, a famous French statesman, and for many years prime minister to Louis XIV., was born in 1641. His father, the Chancellor Le Tellier, had such influence at court that, in 1654, he induced the king to consent that the office of secretary-at-war, which Le Tellier then filled, should ultimately be conferred upon his son, who was then only fourteen years of age. The youth was in the meantime employed in the public service under his father's eye. He was at first idle and careless, but a remonstrance and threat on the part of the chancellor produced such an effect upon his mind, that he henceforth became remarkable for his diligence and attention to his duties. In 1662 he married Anne de Souvré, marquise de Courtanvaux, a lady of ancient family and vast wealth. He devoted himself with unwearied diligence to the discharge of his duties; brought to light and redressed many grievous abuses; and thus won the esteem and confidence of the king, who boasted that he had formed his great minister; while he on the other hand artfully flattered the Grand Monarque by hinting that he merely carried out the measures which Louis had devised. From 1666 until 1691 Louvois was sole minister of war; the principal campaigns of Turenne and Condé were directed by him, and the success of those wars which "enlarged the French territory, and filled the world with the renown of the French arms," was due as much to his able and energetic arrangements as to the valour and military skill of these great generals. No abuse or mistake escaped his sleepless vigilance, and no labour <section end="253Zcontin" />