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LOI Poussin, whose works he copied. By a picture painted at Rome of "Darius opening the Tomb of Semiramis," Loir gained such a reputation that on his return to Paris in 1649 he was employed by Louis XIV. to paint two of the apartments in the Tuileries—the antechamber du roi, and the salle des gardes—in which he executed some allegorical representations of the influence of Louis XIV.'s reign, by which he earned an annual pension of four thousand francs. He henceforth assumed a high place among the artists of Louis XIV. He was elected a member of the Academy of Painting in 1663, and he attained afterwards the rank of rector of the Academy. His masterpieces are considered to be—"Paul before Sergius," and "Elymas the Sorcerer struck blind," now in the cathedral of Nôtre Dame at Paris; and the story from Herodotus of "Cleobis and Biton drawing their mother in a chariot to the temple of Juno"—it is etched by Loir himself. His etchings amount to one hundred and fifty-nine pieces, and many of his works have been engraved by other artists. Loir died at Paris in 1679. He excelled chiefly in painting women and children, and especially madonnas. He is said to have designed twelve Holy Families in a single day, in which no two figures were alike.— (Felibien, Entretiens sur les Vies des Peintres, &c.)— R. N. W.  LOISELEUR-DESLONGSCHAMPS, , a French botanist, was born at Dreux on 24th March, 1775, and died at Paris in May, 1849. He cultivated botany, and in 1803 made a botanical tour in the north of France. He took his degree of M.D. at Paris in 1805, and in 1821 he was admitted into the medical natural history section of the Academy. Among his published works are—"Flora Gallica," "Herbier general de l'Amateur," containing a description of the culture, history, and properties of useful plants, &c.; a "Manual of Indigenous Plants;" "Flore generale de la France;" besides various monographs and memoirs in the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, and memoires de l'Académie de Medecin.—J. H. B.  LOKMAN, an Arabian sage, whose age cannot be ascertained. He is mentioned in the oldest traditions of the Arabs and the Koran; and was always celebrated for wisdom. His name is prefixed to a chapter in the Koran, in which Mohammed puts into his mouth those maxims respecting the unity of God, which are repeated in every page. The stories respecting his personal history are vague and untrustworthy. Sometimes he is represented as king of Yemen; sometimes a pious prophet among the Adites; sometimes a deformed Abyssinian slave. A small collection of Arabian fables passes under his name. It is clear, however, that they are of Greek origin, and that the Arabians became acquainted with them through the Syriac translation at the close of the mediæval period. We cannot speak in praise of these fables, which are devoid of spirit and beauty. Their language also is neither pure nor elegant. Though often printed as a book for beginners in the Arabic tongue, they are ill adapted for such a purpose. The first edition was published by Erpen, Leyden, 1615. Modern editions are those of Freytag, Bonn, 1823; Röldiger, Halle, 1830; Schier, Dresden, 1831; and Derenbourg, Berlin, 1850.—S. D.  LOLA MONTEZ , was born about 1820, of a beautiful Creole mother, at Limerick, according to her own account, though the place of her birth, and even the person of her father, remain in uncertainty. She was at school at Bath when an Indian officer named James offered her marriage. She accepted and went to India, but speedily quitted her husband to return to England. Her manner of living soon became highly discreditable, and she passed over from London to Paris, where she figured as a dancer at the theatre Porte St. Martin, and formed a connection with Dujarrier, editor of La Presse. His death in a duel brought her into great notoriety, and her presence on the stage drew crowds. In 1846 she suddenly disappeared, and was found in great power and splendour under the patronage of King Louis of Bavaria, by whom she was ennobled with the title of Countess of Lansfeldt, and endowed with a gift of £50,000 a year. She made herself as splendid in public as the queen, caused the dismissal of two ministries, and was the occasion of more than one riot in the streets of Munich. On one occasion she faced the mob pistol in hand, and was only saved from their fury by a charge of cavalry. The king, after much serious disturbance of the country, at length dismissed her. Lola did not quite give up her monarch till he had abdicated the throne in 1848. She turned once more to England, and married a Mr. Heald, whose scandalized relatives endeavoured to rescue him by prosecuting his wife for bigamy. But the happy pair escaped to Spain. In 1852, weary of her married life, this extraordinary woman went to America, and enjoyed the freshness of that notoriety which in Europe had grown stale. She acted in public "The Adventures of Lola Montez in Bavaria." After visiting California, where she contracted another marriage, she went to Australia, and managed a theatrical company of her own. Her latest public appearance was in London, in the more sober character of a lecturer on woman and other topics. Her lectures were for the most part her autobiography. She is reported to have died in poverty in America in 1860, but the particulars of her death are involved in as much obscurity as those of her birth.—R. H.  LOLLARD,, the reputed founder of the Lollards, is by some thought to have been born in England, but by others in Holland, in the thirteenth century. He first makes his appearance in history about 1315, when his preaching and his strange manners attracted attention, he traversed Germany accompanied by twelve chosen disciples; and by the novelty of his doctrines and the enthusiasm with which he proclaimed them, he obtained many followers. It is very difficult now to discover exactly what his opinions were, inasmuch as the account of them which has come down to us is that given by his enemies. It is pretended that he taught that Lucifer and his companions were unjustly condemned, and would be restored; that he only admitted the authority of the scriptures, and denied that of the church; that he despised the rites of the church, and rejected the intercession of the saints; that he denied the efficacy of the sacraments, and the doctrine of transubstantiation and the mass; that he rejected the institution of bishops and priests, called marriage licensed prostitution, and taught resistance to the civil magistrate. Trithemius states that in Germany there were more than eighty thousand followers of Lollard, who obstinately maintained their opinions even unto death. Some say that two of Lollard's apostles pretended that they annually entered paradise, where Enoch and Elias gave them power to remit the sins of their sect, and to impart the same gift to others. Be that as it may, the inquisitors laid hands upon Lollard, and when he would not renounce his doctrines they condemned him at Cologne in 1322. He went to the fire without fear and without repentance; and about the same time a great holocaust was made of his followers. The sect continued to exist and spread into England, where it contributed largely, in connection with the disciples of Wycliffe, to prepare the way for the Reformation, much as it did in Bohemia.—B. H. C.  LOLME. See.  LOMAZZO,, a celebrated Italian painter and writer on art, was born at Milan on the 26th of April, 1538, and studied painting under Giambattista della Cerva, a pupil of Gaudenzio Ferrari, but was not in any way under the influence of that celebrated master. Lomazzo early showed his theoretical taste, finally developed in literature, by adopting a sort of eclecticism in his practice; defining the excellencies of the great masters, and endeavouring to combine them in his own works; and of necessity failing, as that is but a dead art that is developed by the bare intellect, without heart or love. His works, produced by knowledge without feeling, wanted soul; and Lomazzo has failed to establish any lasting reputation as a painter, while his literary works are valuable and still read. He excelled as a practical fresco painter; but becoming blind in his thirty-third year, he had but few opportunities of practically carrying out his art theories. There are a few frescoes by him at Milan—"Christ on the Mount of Olives," in the church of the Servi; and a "Madonna and Child," in San Marco; and the Brera gallery possesses two examples of his work—a "Virgin and Child" and a portrait said to be his own. Lomazzo's writings (or rather dictations) and poems are probably a consequence of his blindness; they were published by himself at Milan; his "Trattato dell' arte della Pittura, Scultura, ed Architettura," 4to, in 1584-85; and "Idea del Tempio della Pittura," 4to, in 1590—the latter is an illustration of parts of the former. An edition of the "Idea" was published in Bologna in 1785; and an edition of the "Trattato" in Rome in 1844, 3 vols. 8vo. An English translation of this book appeared at Oxford, by Joseph Barnes, in 1598—"A Tracte containing the Artes of Curious Painting," &c. "Rime Varie" were published at Milan in 1687; and several minor works on the arts were published during his own lifetime. It is remarkable that some Italian writers have differed as to 