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LOE His principal works are at Lodi, but there are others of importance by him at Brescia, Codogno, and Milan. He signed himself Calixtus Laudensis, omitting Piazza.—R. N. W.  * LOEBELL,, a German historical writer, was born at Berlin, 15th September, 1786, and in 1829 appointed to the chair of history in the university of Bonn. He is best known by his edition and continuation of the Universal History by Becker, an excellent and most deservedly popular work.—K. E.  LOEFLING,, a Swedish botanist, was born at Tollforsbruch, near Walbo, on the 31st January, 1729, and died in South America on the 22nd January, 1756. He was a pupil of Linnæus, and was sent by the court of Spain to New Andalusia, to report on the geography and productions of the Spanish colonies. He landed at Cumana, and visited New Barcelona and other places in that part of America. On his return to St. Thomas in Guiana he was attacked with fever, which cut him off in a few days. After his death, Linnæus published an account of Loefling's journey under the name of Iter Hispanicum, and he named a genus Loeflingia after him.—J. H. B.  * LOENNROT,, the editor of Kalewala, the national epic of his native country, Finland, was born at Sammati in the district of Helsingfors, on the 9th of April, 1802. The son of a poor tailor, he received a scanty education, and at eighteen was a retailer of drugs. Two years later he had struggled successfully to procure admission to the university of Abo; and having qualified himself for the medical profession, he was employed by the Russian government in what used to be the province of Carelia. He now devoted his leisure to collecting the remains of Finnish popular poetry, preserved by oral tradition among the peasantry of Finland and Carelia. In this way he collected the fragments of Kalewala, the first edition of which he published at Helsingfors in 1835. Written in the unrhymed trochaics with which Longfellow's Hiawatha has familiarized us, Kalewala is distinguished by a Homeric minuteness of detail. Its hero, the mythical Wäinämöinen, is a Finnish Orpheus; and there is a singular absence from the poem of the martial element. The powers of song, of practical skill, and also, it must be admitted, of magic, are those which are chiefly celebrated in it. In the interesting summary of Kalewala contributed by Mr. John Oxenford to No. 1 of Temple Bar, and having regard to its chief characteristics, that acute critic calls it a "wild song of civilization." Out of Finland, Kalewala has been mainly studied in the excellent Swedish version and edition of Carsten, and in the German, rendering of Schiefner. A French prose translation of it forms the bulk of M. Leouzon le Duc's La Finlande, 1845. Another collection of Finnish legends is that entitled Kauleleta (Songs of the harps), published by Loennrot in 1841. He is the author of a Swedish-Finnish-German Dictionary, and of several other aids to the knowledge and appreciation of the language and literature of Finland, to the cultivation of which his patriotic and praiseworthy efforts have given a powerful stimulus. In 1853 Loennrot succeeded Carsten as professor of the Finnish language and literature at the university of Helsingfors.—F. E.  LOEWENDAHL,, Marshal of France, was born at Hamburg, on 1st April, 1700, his father being minister of the king of Poland. At thirteen Loewendahl served in Poland as a simple soldier. He was at the battle of Peterwardein under Prince Eugene, and at the taking of Belgrade. Anne, empress of Russia, tempted him into her service, in which he greatly distinguished himself and beat the Turks at Choczim in 1739. Disgusted with the Empress Elizabeth, he quitted Russia for France, and went through several campaigns by the side of his friend Marshal Saxe. He died on 27th May, 1755, of mortification in the foot, which prompted the wits of Paris to compare him with Achilles, whom death reached also by the heel.—R. H.  LOFFT,, a miscellaneous writer and patron of literature, was born in London in November, 1751. His father, a barrister, became recorder of Windsor, and Capel Lofft himself was a man of property. Educated at Eton and Cambridge he went to the bar. He was prominent in the earlier political controversies of his time, protesting in pamphlets and speeches against the policy which produced the American revolution. He was one of the original members of the Society for Constitutional Information, to which Major Cartwright and Dr. Price belonged. He also exerted himself actively for the abolition of the slave-trade, and was noted for the benevolence of his disposition. Of his numerous works, legal, political, and poetical, scarcely any of them of mark, a list will be found in the memoir of their author in the Annual Biography and Obituary for 1825. He is chiefly remembered as having been the means of introducing to public notice his humble Suffolk neighbour, Robert Bloomfield, whose earliest poem, the Farmer's Boy, was submitted to Capel Lofft in manuscript, and through his friendly exertions, published with a preface by him. After a residence of eight years on the continent, whither he had proceeded for the education of his family, this amiable and accomplished man died at Montcallier in the May of 1824.—F. E.  LOFTUS,, a laborious orientalist, born in 1618 at Rathferman in Ireland, was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, where his knowledge of languages attracted the notice of Usher, by whose advice he was sent to Oxford. He became a master in chancery, vicar-general of Ireland, and judge of the prerogative court there, dying in 1695. He published, among other works, several translations from the Armenian, Syriac, &c. His most notable feat was the execution (at the request, according to Wood, of Usher and Selden) of the Latin version of the Ethiopic New Testament in Walton's Polyglott.—F. E.  LOGAN, an Indian chief of the Cayugas, who was slain in 1781. At first he had been friendly to the white settlers, but from ill-treatment was converted into a foe. The speech addressed by him to Lord Dunmore on the ruin of his race is a remarkable piece of Indian eloquence. It appears in some editions of Campbell's poems.—P. E. D. <section end="233H" /> <section begin="233I" />LOGAN,, a Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer, was the son of a small farmer, and was born at Soutra in the parish of Fala, Midlothian, in 1748. He was educated for the church at the university of Edinburgh; and after completing his theological studies he was employed for some time by Mr. Sinclair of Ulbster as tutor to his son—afterwards the well-known Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster. In 1763 Logan obtained a license to preach, and distinguished himself so much by his pulpit eloquence that he was chosen one of the ministers of South Leith. He was appointed by the general assembly a member of the committee intrusted with the revision of the psalmody of the Scottish church. He took a prominent part in this work, and contributed to it a number of scriptural translations, and paraphrases of his own composition. About the same time he delivered, during two successive seasons in Edinburgh, a course of lectures on the philosophy of history, the substance of which he published in 1781. One of the lectures, on the government of Asia, appeared entire in a separate form. The same year he published a volume of poems, which met with a favourable reception; but which, unfortunately for the fame of Logan, has since been proved to have owed its chief attractions to the pen of his friend Michael Bruce.—(See .) Shortly after, he wrote a tragedy called "Runnimede," which was interdicted in London by the lord chamberlain on political grounds, but was acted in Edinburgh and afterwards published. But this step excited the disapprobation of his parishioners, whose displeasure was greatly increased by the irregular and dissipated habits into which Logan had unfortunately fallen He was in consequence obliged, in 1786, to resign his charge on receiving a small annuity. He proceeded to London, where he became a contributor to the English Review, and wrote a pamphlet on the "Charges against Warren Hastings," which obtained considerable notoriety, and led to the prosecution of the publisher, Stockdale, by the house of commons. Logan died in London, 28th December, 1788, in the fortieth year of his age. He left in MS. a considerable number of sermons and miscellaneous pieces. Two volumes of his sermons were published under the superintendence of his friends, Drs. Robertson, Henry, and Blair, and obtained considerable popularity. Logan's poetry is characterized by sweetness of versification and felicity of expression.—J. T. <section end="233I" /> <section begin="233J" />LOGAU,, Freiherr von, a German poet, was born of an old noble family in Silesia in 1604. He studied law, became councillor to the Duke Ludwig IV. of Liegnitz, and was a prominent member of the Fruitful Society. His fame rests on his Epigrams, of which he published upwards of three thousand, under the assumed name of Salomo von Golaw.—K. E. <section end="233J" /> <section begin="233Zcontin" />LOIR,, a French painter and etcher, born at Paris in 1624, was the scholar of Sebastien Bourdon; and in 1647 he was sent by his father, an eminent jeweller, to complete his studies in Rome. He painted history, landscape, and architecture, and in Rome adopted with success the style of Nicolas <section end="233Zcontin" />