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LIE Dr. Lyon Playfair from the author's manuscript, and dedicated to the association. This work was only a part of the report on organic chemistry which that body had requested from him, but an abstract of the whole report, entitled "Organic Chemistry applied to Physiology and Pathology," was read to the chemical section at Manchester in 1842 by Dr. Lyon Playfair. In the first part of this interesting communication he treats of the processes employed in the nutrition and reproduction of various parts of the animal economy. In the second part he examines the chemical processes engaged in the production of bile, urea, uric acid, and its components, as well as of cerebral and nervous substance. In the third part he treats of the recondite laws of the phenomena of motion; and he concludes his report with two chapters—one on the theory of disease, and the other on the theory of respiration. The entire report, of which this paper was but an abstract, was published in 1842, under the title of "Animal Chemistry, or Chemistry in its application to Physiology and Pathology," having been translated from the author's manuscript by Professor Gregory.

In 1848 his work on "The Motions of the Juices in the Animal Body" was translated from the author's manuscript by Professor Gregory; and in 1849 his "Researches on the Chemistry of Food" was also translated from the author's manuscript by the same eminent chemist. One of Liebig's latest works is his "Familiar Letters on Chemistry considered in its relation to Industry, Agriculture, and Physiology." These letters, of which he published a second series in 1844, have gone through several editions, that of 1857 being dedicated to Sir James Clark, who had been accessory to the establishment of the Royal College of Chemistry. Liebig's principles of agricultural chemistry have not been universally adopted. A Reply to them by Mr. Lawes and Dr. Gilbert was published in December, 1855, in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. He simplified the processes for organic analysis, and by their aid made numerous investigations formerly impracticable from the complexity of the methods then in use.

Liebig is the author also of many separate memoirs published in different scientific journals. He co-operated with M. Poggendorf in the Dictionary of Chemistry published in five volumes at Brunswick in 1837-51, with a supplement in 1850-52; and with M. Geiger in the Manual of Pharmacy.

The valuable researches of Liebig have been rewarded with honours of various kinds. Chairs of chemistry were offered to him in different parts of the continent, and even in London. In 1850 he was elected to the chemical chair at Heidelberg, vacant by the death of Gmelin; but he declined to accept of it The grand duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, Louis II., made him a hereditary baron in 1845. In 1854, a fund of about £1000, subscribed throughout Europe as a mark of the value set upon his chemical and agricultural researches, was employed in purchasing five pieces of plate—one for each of his five children, and the balance of £460 presented to himself. Liebig is at present professor of chemistry in the university of Munich. He has been elected an honorary or a corresponding member of all the leading academies and societies in Europe and America. So early as 1840 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London; and on the 13th May, 1861, he received the highest of all his honours in his election, in room of M. Tiedemann, as one of the eight foreign associates of the Academy of Sciences in the French Institute.—D. B.  LIEUTAUD,, physician and anatomist, born at Aix in Provence in 1703. He filled for some years the chairs of botany and anatomy at Aix, but in 1749 he went to Versailles. There he obtained the appointment of physician to the infirmary, and was afterwards promoted to the post of first physician to Louis XVI. Died in 1780.—W. B—d.  LIEVEN,, Princess, née , a celebrated female politician of the present century, born in 1784, was the daughter of a Russian general, and sister of the Benkendorf who was minister of Russian police during the reign of the Emperor Nicholas. She was married at sixteen to Count Lieven, and accompanied him to Berlin, whither he was sent in 1812 as plenipotentiary of Russia. On his removal to England in a similar capacity in 1828, the princess (a rank to which she was raised in that year), became a resident in London, and for six years her salon attained celebrity as the neutral ground on which leaders of all political parties were in the habit of meeting. Returning to Russia in 1834, on the recall of her husband, she afterwards took up her residence in Paris, and there her salon was frequented by celebrities of all kinds, political, literary, and artistic. After the revolution of February, 1848, she withdrew for a period to London, but returned to Paris. On the breaking out of the war between Russia and the western powers she took refuge in Brussels, returning with peace to the French metropolis, where she died, after a short illness, on the 26th of January, 1857. Report attributed to her for many years an influence on European politics, ascribable to her talents as well as to her position. Her intimacy with M. Guizot, among other politicians, is said to have been of a very confidential kind.—F. E.  LIEVENS or LIVENS,, an eminent Dutch painter, was born at Leyden in 1607. His first master was G. van Schooten, and he was afterwards a pupil of Peter Lastmann, along with Rembrandt, with whom he throughout life maintained a warm friendship. He visited England in 1630-33, and whilst here is said to have painted portraits of the king (Charles I.), the queen, and royal family. On his return he settled in Antwerp, and painted many altar-pieces. He also painted historical subjects and portraits, the latter including those of Van Tromp, Ruyter, and other men of historic fame. Lievens painted somewhat in the manner of Rembrandt, but with less force and brilliancy, as well as originality. In his conception of scriptural subjects he adopted the low familiar manner of Rembrandt; but though his drawing is better, he is inferior in feeling, as well as in majesty of light and shadow and in colour, to his great prototype. His portraits, however inferior in other respects, are more varied, and probably truer as likenesses than those of Rembrandt. Lievens left nearly sixty etchings—imitations of Rembrandt's—and in one or two instances, as the "Raising of Lazarus," little inferior to them. He also made a few drawings for engraving—or, as some think, himself made the engravings—on wood. He died in 1663.—J. T—e.  LIGARIUS,, was proconsul in Africa on the breaking out of the war between Cæsar and Pompey. A warm adherent of the latter, he was banished from Italy after the defeat of Thapsus, but returned when the pleading of Cicero procured him Cæsar's pardon. He was concerned in the conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius, though not present at the assassination of Cæsar, which event he survived but a short time.—W. J. P.  LIGHTFOOT,, was the son of Thomas Lightfoot, rector of Stoke-upon-Trent, and was born there on the 19th or 29th of March, 1602. In his fifteenth year he was admitted of Christ's college, Cambridge, where he had for his tutor William Chappel, afterwards master of Trinity college, Dublin, and bishop of Cork, the same who was the tutor of John Milton and Henry More. After taking his bachelor's degree he was for about two years assistant in the school of Ripton in Derbyshire; after which he took orders, and was appointed to the curacy of Norton-under-Hales in Shropshire. Here he became acquainted with Sir Roland Cotton of Bellaport, who took him into his family as domestic chaplain, and engaged him deeply in the study of Hebrew and its cognate tongues. Sir Roland was an accomplished Hebraist, and was able to lend important aid to his young chaplain in his studies. Lightfoot had hitherto done little in this department of study, and he attributes all his subsequent attainments in oriental learning to the advantages which he derived from Sir Roland's friendship. After a short visit to London in company with his learned patron, he contemplated spending some time in continental travel; but he was induced to abandon that design by receiving the offer of a settlement at Stoke in the county of Stafford. Here he resided for two years, still diligently prosecuting his studies; after which he removed to Hornsey, near London, with the view of having easy access to the rabbinical and oriental treasures of Sion college. It was at Hornsey that he prepared his first work, "Erubhin, or Miscellanies Christian and Judaical, and others, penned for recreation at vacant hours," which appeared in 1629. It is a small and unpretending work, and touches many subjects for the first time which afterwards developed themselves in his hands to much vaster proportions. It was dedicated to Sir Roland Cotton, who, in a letter sent to the young author, tells him "that he had read it over, and found in it many rarities, and nothing so vulgar that he needed to fear his book's entertainment." In 1630 Sir Roland presented him to the rectory of Ashley in Staffordshire, where he remained for the next twelve years, and devoted all the time he could spare from his pastoral duties to his favourite Hebrew and Talmudic studies. To avoid interruptions "he purchased an adjoining field, in 