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LAM LAMOIGNON,, son of Guillaume, was born at Paris, 26th June, 1644, and died 7th August, 1709. He was one of the greatest of the advocates-general of France, and at his residence of Basville entertained Bourdaloue, Racine, Boileau, and other literary notabilities.—P. E. D.  LAMOIGNON,, first president of the parliament of Paris, born at Paris in 1617; died 10th December, 1677. He was a pupil of the celebrated Jerome Bignon. In the early part of the reign of Louis XIV. he drew up reports for the council of state, and the king paid him the compliment of saying that his were the only reports he could understand. In 1658 Mazarin procured his appointment as president of the parliament. He had a great object in view—that of making a code of laws for the whole of France. He laboured assiduously at this task, and wrote a large number of memoirs, which were of the highest value when the French laws came to be codified in after time. He was a man of unimpeachable integrity, and in many respects altogether before his age.—P. E. D.  LAMORICIÈRE, , a distinguished French general, was born at Nantes on the 5th of February, 1806, his parents being legitimatists. At the age of eighteen he entered the polytechnic school, where he remained two years, passing in 1826 to the military establishment at Metz, which he quitted to enter the corps of engineers. In 1830 he was lieutenant, and the French campaigns in Africa brought him rapid promotion. On the formation of the corps of Zouaves, after the expedition to Algiers, he was made captain in the new force, and contributed by his boldness and ability to make the name of Zouave terrible. He continued to merit advancement by the zealous discharge of his duties; and in 1837 after the siege of Constantine, where he was wounded by the explosion of a mine, he became colonel. In 1840 he distinguished himself at Monzaia; and General Bugeaud publicly expressed the highest admiration for Lamoricière's conduct in the affairs of Tagdempt and Mascara, which occurred in June, 1841. Two years later he became general of division, and in 1845 was ad interim governor of Algeria. In August of the same year he ably seconded his chief at the important battle of Isly. Under the duke of Aumale he organized the successful expedition against Abd-el-Kader in 1847; but his merciless treatment of the hostile Arabs exposed him to the charge of needless cruelty. Returning to France in 1848 with a high military reputation, he was made minister of war in those rapidly succeeding cabinets which were brought to an end by the revolution of February. Lamoricière was faithful to the monarchy of July; and when he appeared among the people in the uniform of a colonel of the national guard, proclaiming the abdication of the king and the regency of the duchess of Orleans, he would have been torn to pieces by the populace, but for the aid of some workmen more sober-minded than the rest. He sat in the assembly as the representative of La Sarthe, assisted Cavaignac to suppress the insurrection of June, and for nearly six months was again minister of war. Allying himself with the moderate party in the state, he now defended the republic. After the election of Louis Napoleon as president, Lamoricière was sent on a mission to St. Petersburg at the time of the Russian intervention in the affairs of Hungary. He hastened to Paris on hearing that Odillon Barrot was no longer minister, and took part in the assembly with the opposition. On the 2d of December he was arrested and sent to Ham, whence he was conveyed to Cologne. On being required to swear allegiance to the new order of things, he positively refused, and published his refusal in the newspapers. After that he remained inactive, residing in Belgium, Germany, or England, until his religious enthusiasm was roused by the difficulties in which the papists were placed by the war of Italian unity. In an evil hour for his fame, he offered his sword to the pope, and took the command of the untrustworthy levies which were beaten at the battle of Castelfidardo. He had no opportunity of regaining his laurels, and he died 11th September, 1865.—R. H.  LAMOTHE,, a French missionary who devoted himself to the conversion of the Siamese, was born in 1624. In 1660 he was consecrated a bishop, and in July of that year departed for the East. He arrived at Jutlica, the capital of Siam, in April, 1662. Here he was annoyed by the Portuguese, who wished no French bishop to settle in China without obtaining leave from the king of Portugal. But Lamothe found favour with the natives and was protected by them. Intending Siam to be the centre of communication for all the missions in the East, he founded there a seminary for native priests and catechists, a school, and an hospital. His labours were attended with some success. He died in Siam in 1679.—D. W. R.  LA MOTHE LE VAYER,, a French philosophical writer, born at Paris in 1588, and died in 1672. Richelieu designed him to be tutor to the dauphin, but the queen rejected him because he was married, committing to his charge, however, the younger brother, the duke d'Anjou. The progress made by the latter overcame the queen's objections, and in 1652 Le Vayer was made preceptor to Louis XIV., whom he accompanied in his travels. He left various treatises on subjects connected with education, geography, rhetoric, logic, &c., and an essay on the virtue of the heathens. His complete works were published at Dresden, 1756-59, 14 vols. 8vo.—P. E. D.  LA MOTTE,, a French poet and critic, born at Paris, 17th of January, 1672; died there, 26th of December, 1731. He attempted to translate the Iliad, and to improve it—a task in which it is needless to say he did not succeed. He wrote plays, comedies, ballets, tragedies, odes, criticisms, orations, and poems. He was chosen a member of the Academy in opposition to Rousseau—as D'Alembert said, "because he had friends and Rousseau had none."—P. E. D.  LAMOTTE, , Countess of, a Frenchwoman who obtained an unenviable notoriety for her connection with the once famous case of the "Diamond necklace," born 22nd July, 1756; died at London, 23rd August, 1791. She was descended from an illegitimate branch of the royal family of France. Her life was one of intrigue from the beginning. As Mademoiselle de St. Remy she married M. de Lamotte, and crept into the court by means of Cardinal de Rohan. She there played on the credulity of the cardinal by making him believe that the queen favoured him. She obtained the queen's money under false pretences, and at last risked the venture which at the time made so much noise, and deeply injured Marie Antoinette. Two jewellers of Paris had collected diamonds of rare beauty and formed them into a necklace, worth, according to their estimate, £70,000. It had been offered to the queen, but Marie Antoinette declined the purchase. Lamotte persuaded the cardinal that the queen was longing for the necklace, and presented forged writings to that effect. The cardinal bought the jewel, which was to be paid for by instalments. He committed it to Lamotte to be conveyed to the queen; but instead of reaching its destination, the stones were taken out and sold in England. When the first payment became due the secret was gradually discovered. The jeweller, Bœhmer, applied to the queen, who knew nothing; and the result was that De Rohan and his colleague Count Cagliostro were arrested, with the scheming countess who had done the mischief. She was condemned to be whipped, to be marked on the shoulders by the executioner, and to be kept in the hospital for life. In 1787, however, she was released or escaped from the Salpétrière and joined her husband, who had fled on the first notice of danger. She there published a volume of "Memoirs," in which she gives utterance to all imaginable fabrications to screen herself. She died from a fall. Her husband returned to France, was in absolute poverty, twice attempted suicide, and at last died in the hospital of La Pitié. He left an account of his life, but it was mutilated by the authorities; and the "affair of the diamond necklace" was never properly cleared up.—P. E. D.  LAMOTTE-FOUQUE. See. <section end="111H" /> <section begin="111I" />LAMOUROUX,, a French naturalist, born in 1779. He particularly applied himself to the study of marine productions, and was appointed in 1809 professor of natural history at Caen. He is best known for his work on the flexible corals. He died at Caen in 1825.—W. B—d. <section end="111I" /> <section begin="111J" />LAMPADIUS,, a German chemist, born in 1772. He studied at Göttingen, and after travelling through part of Russia and France, became, at the special recommendation of Werner, professor of chemistry at Freiburg. It is his chief claim to distinction that he raised the art of smelting to the rank of a special science. His principal work is a handbook of the art of smelting, "Handbuch der allgemeinen Hüttenkunde, in theoretischer und praktischer Hinsicht entworfen." He wrote also several valuable works on industrial and animal chemistry. He died in 1842.—W. B—d. <section end="111J" /> <section begin="111Zcontin" />LAMPE,, an eminent protestant German theologian and commentator, was born at Detmold in 1683. In 1702 he was sent to the university of Franeker, to study <section end="111Zcontin" />