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LAM afforded the means of gratifying his botanical taste. He published a description of the genus Cinchona in 1797, quarto; and a large folio work in 2 vols., beautifully illustrated, on the genus Pinus. He also contributed many papers to the Transactions of the Linnæan Society.—J. H. B.  * LAMBERT, (known also by his Egyptian title of Lambert Bey), an astronomer and engineer, was born at Versailles on the 2nd of May, 1804. He held the rank of engineer-in-chief of the second class in the French corps of mining engineers. In 1832 he entered the service of Mehemet Ali, pasha of Egypt, where he carried out important works of improvement, and for many years was director of the polytechnic school and of the observatory at Cairo. His observation of a transit of Mercury, made at that observatory, is recorded in the Comptes Rendus for 1849. In 1851 he returned to France.—R.  LAMBERT,, an early French divine and reformer, was born at Avignon in 1487, where his father was secretary of legation. He was but a child when his father died. At the age of fifteen he entered the cloister of the Cordeliers, and on being ordained was for several years a successful preacher, inveighing especially against the luxury and dissipation of the age. In 1522 he quitted the order. Having read the writings of Luther and embraced his opinions, he travelled through many parts of Switzerland, and made the acquaintance of Zuinglius; and having at length renounced his monastic garb and assumed the name of Jean Serranus, he preached the reformed faith at Basle, Friburg, and other towns. Luther heartily accepted his labours, and at Wittemberg, where he was in extreme poverty, he expounded the prophecies of Hosea. He married on the 20th July, 1523, and published a book in defence of marriage, dedicated to Francis I., and entitled "De Sacro Conjugio." At this period appeared also his "In Cantica Canticorum Salomonis libellus," &c. We find him next at Strasburg composing several works, such as his "De Fidelium vocatione;" his "Farrago omnium fere rerum theologicarum," containing his system of theology and his views of the authority of the church; and his commentaries on the various minor prophets. During a synod held under the landgrave of Hesse, he published certain theses, in number fifty-eight, in defence of the reformed doctrines, and directed principally against Nicolas Herborn. The result was the establishment of the Reformation in the province, and the founding in 1527 of a college at Marburg, in which Lambert was the first professor of theology, having among his earliest pupils Patrick Hamilton, the famous Scottish martyr. He did not, however, hold the office long, but died of a contagious disorder, called in that country der Englische Schweitz (the English sweating sickness), on the 18th April, 1530, at the comparatively early age of forty-three. Lambert's works are little known, and his personal labours are well-nigh forgotten. But he was earnest, resolute, and industrious—the main instrument in extending the Reformation into Thuringia, and of completing it in Hesse. His various publications are so numerous, that they must have been hastily and superficially composed as a means of daily bread. Yet his "In Regulam Minoritarum Commentarii vere Evangelici," must have done good service in their day. His commentaries on Kings, Luke, and Acts, seem to have perished. In a letter to Spalatin Luther praises him highly.—J. E.  LAMBERT,, one of Cromwell's major-generals, is said, like Fleetwood, to have been educated for the profession of the law. The date and place of his birth are unknown. He was probably a young man when the quarrel between Charles I. and the Long parliament issued in civil war. He joined the army of the parliament, and it was as a colonel that he fought at Marston Moor, July, 1644. He had distinguished himself so highly both as a soldier and as an opponent of the moderate party in parliament, that when Cromwell undertook his second campaign against the Scotch in June, 1650, he appointed Lambert his major-general. In this capacity he led the attack at Dunbar, and both as a general and a disputant was prominent throughout the remainder of the war in Scotland. He fought at Worcester, and was one of the leaders of the Cromwellian party, when the appointment of Fleetwood to the chief command in Ireland is reported to have excited his jealousy and to have weakened his attachment to Cromwell. After the dismissal of the Rump he was, however, appointed by Cromwell one of the members of his first council of state, and sat in his first parliament. He was selected by the protector to be major-general of the district comprising the counties of York, Durham, Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. Like many of the military chiefs of the interregnum, he opposed the assumption by Cromwell of the title of king, and in a manner so distasteful to the protector that he was dismissed from all his employments with a pension of £2000. "The Lord Lambert," as he was commonly called, retired to Wimbledon house, both to cultivate flowers and to paint them; and to "Lambertize" a man became a current expression. On the death of Cromwell he reappeared in public life, and placed himself at the head of the military opposition to Oliver's successor, Richard. Soon after the deposition of Richard, he was appointed by the parliament general of the forces sent to quell Sir George Booth's royalist insurrection in the north, a success which he achieved with great rapidity. The parliament rewarded him handsomely; but he began to intrigue against it, and when it refused to assent to the proposals of the army, Lambert made a faint repetition of Cromwell's dismissal of the Rump, and on the 13th of October, 1659, by military force, put an end for a time to its sittings. But when the attitude assumed by Monk in Scotland restored the parliament, it decreed the disbanding of the army with which Lambert had gone north to oppose the march of Monk, and in the January of 1660 he was deserted by his troops. Taken and committed to the Tower, he escaped, but was recaptured, and at the Restoration was tried for treason along with Sir Henry Vane. He threw himself on the mercy of the judges, was reprieved, and banished to Guernsey, where he died after an exile of thirty years, during which, it has been said, he became a Roman catholic.—F. E.  LAMBERT,, an eminent scholar, mathematician, and philosopher, was born at Mühlhausen (then forming part of the Swiss confederation) on the 29th of August, 1728, and died at Berlin on the 25th of September, 1777. His grandfather had been a French protestant refugee. His father was a tailor, with a numerous family; and in order to provide Johann Heinrich with the rudiments of education, he had to avail himself of the instruction given gratuitously at a local college. In 1745 he went to Basle to become secretary to Dr. Iselin, who was counsellor of the margrave of Baden, and editor of a newspaper. He occupied his leisure with the study of mental philosophy and of mathematics. In 1748, being appointed tutor of the children of the count de Salis, he obtained the advantage of access to the extensive library of his employer at Coire, of which he availed himself so as to acquire extraordinary erudition. In 1754 he was elected an associate of the Physico-medical Society of Basle. In 1757 he travelled with his pupils over various parts of Europe, and became personally known to many of the most eminent men of letters and science. In 1759, having been appointed an honorary professor by the electoral academy of Bavaria, he lived for a time at Augsburg, whence he returned to Coire in 1761. Having visited Berlin in 1764, and become known to Frederick the Great, he was induced by that sovereign to remain there, and was elected a member of the Academy; and he held that and other appointments until his death thirteen years afterwards. His principal separate work was entitled "Novum Organon," being a system of syllogistic logic based on that of Aristotle, and of the science of the discovery of truth in general. This was followed by his "Architektonik," being a system of metaphysics relating to the foundation of philosophical and mathematical knowledge. He wrote many detached memoirs, most of which appeared in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy, relating chiefly to mathematical, astronomical, and physical subjects. He was the first to demonstrate the incommensurability of the circumference and diameter of a circle. He discovered a remarkable proposition respecting the time occupied by a planet in passing from one given position to another, since called "Lambert's theorem." From certain perturbations of Jupiter and Saturn he conjectured that they were acted upon by an undiscovered planet external to them: that conjecture was afterwards confirmed by Herschel's discovery of Uranus. These are but a few specimens of the results of researches too numerous to be analyzed here.—W. J. M. R.  LAMBERT,, a French moralist, born at Paris in 1654; died at Palaiseau in 1722. He took at the Sorbonne the degree of doctor, and at the age of thirty entered the church. After preaching for some time he obtained the priory of Saint-Martin de Palaiseau, the entire revenues of which he devoted to charitable purposes. He was a strict disciplinarian, indefatigable in his labours for the religious instruction of the people, and 