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HOP . His opinions assumed the form of a regular system which has been adopted by many in America, who are known as Hopkinsians His works and life were published in 1793, and again with a new life by Professor Park in 1852.—B. H. C.  HOPKINS,, a learned divine and Saxon scholar, born in 1647 at Evesham in Worcestershire. He was educated at Oxford, and became successively a prebendary in Worcester cathedral, curate of Mortlake in Surrey, and vicar of Lindridge in Worcestershire. He published Bertram or Ratram concerning the Body and Blood of the Lord, &c.; "Animadversions on Mr. Johnson's Answer to Jovian;" and a Latin translation of a small tract in Saxon on the burial-places of the Saxon Saints. He also made a new translation of the article "Worcestershire" in Camden's Britannia. He died in 1700.—G. BL.  HOPKINS,, was born at Monmouth in 1706, and educated at Oxford. In 1731 he was appointed vicar of Bolney in Sussex. He was author of "Exodus, a corrected translation, with notes critical and explanatory," but is better known by his "Appeal to the Common Sense of all Christian People," respecting the doctrine of the Trinity, with the intention of adapting Arian arguments to all capacities. It contained nothing either new or striking, but was answered by Jones of Nayland, and led to a warm discussion. He died in 1786.—B. H. C.  HOPPER,, architect, was born July 6, 1776, at Rochester, Kent, and was trained in the office of his father, a surveyor of that town, his artistic knowledge being wholly self-acquired. The building which brought him into notice was Craven cottage, Fulham, which he rebuilt and enlarged in a fantastic Batty-Langley-Gothic style for Walsh Porter, a friend and boon companion of the prince regent, and a sort of arbiter of taste to the fashionable world. This performance was so much admired by the prince that he commissioned Mr. Hopper to make extensive alterations and additions to Carlton-house, and the royal patronage speedily led to a very large practice among the nobility and great commoners; a practice, in the maintenance of which, the architect's social qualities are said to have been of great service. Probably hardly another English architect of his day, unless it be Wyatt, was so extensively employed in erecting new, and enlarging and altering old mansions. His taste leaned strongly to the "castellated." Of the many buildings erected by him in this style, the largest and most costly perhaps was Penrhyn castle, near Bangor, North Wales; a vast, very ornate, and in the interior very richly decorated, but externally a singularly uncouth, though from its size and solidity, an imposing edifice. More than rivalling this in magnitude, and probably in magnificence, would have been the castle at Dunkeld, designed by him for the duke of Athol, but of which only the foundations were laid. Among the mansions built by him in England were Alton Towers, Staffordshire, a very spacious and magnificent pile, erected for the earl of Shrewsbury; Danbury palace, Essex; Stansted park, Hampshire; Wyvanhoe; Gatton house, Surrey; Rood-Ashton, near Trowbridge; Easton lodge, near Dunmow; Leigh court, near Bristol; Amesbury house, near Salisbury, &c. In Wales he erected, besides Penrhyn castle, Llanover court, Monmouthshire; Margam; Kimmel park, near St. Asaph, &c.; and in Ireland, among others, Slane castle, the seat of the marquis of Conyngham; and Gosford castle, Armagh. As county surveyor he erected, and subsequently greatly altered the Essex county jail, as well as several other prisons. In the metropolis he built Arthur's club-house; the Atlas fire office; St. Mary's hospital, Paddington, and some other important buildings. In his later days he entered into competition for the new houses of parliament, as he had previously done for the general post-office, St. Martin's-le-Grand; though in that instance he had complained in a pamphlet that the architect employed to erect the building, and who had not been a competitor, had stolen his design—publishing his plan and elevations in support of the charge. He also published in a costly folio his designs for the houses of parliament. He died at his residence, Bayswater, August 11, 1856. Mr. Hopper was a good builder, had considerable skill in design, and was much esteemed professionally and in private life. As an architect his rank is not very high, but his buildings would form the subject of a noteworthy chapter in the history of architecture and architectural taste in England during the first half of the nineteenth century.—J. T—e.  HOPPNER,, R.A., was born in London in 1759, and was originally a chorister in the chapel royal. But having displayed also a talent for drawing, he entered as a student into the Royal Academy, and very soon obtained, through the patronage of the prince of Wales, a large and fashionable connection as a portrait-painter. And to the end of his career, for nearly twenty years, Hoppner had no successful rival in London but Sir Thomas Lawrence. His portraits are easy and effective in their execution, and rich, and even gaudy sometimes, in their colouring. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1793, and an academician in 1795. He died of dropsy in 1810. Sir Thomas Lawrence, in noticing his death to a friend, speaks in the following kindly terms of him:—"You will believe that I sincerely feel the loss of a brother artist, from whose works I have often gained instruction, and who has gone by my side in the race these eighteen years." Many good portraits by Hoppner were exhibited at the British institution in 1817, including his own, presented to the Royal Academy in 1809. The National collection possesses a good portrait by him of William Pitt.—(Cunningham's Lives, &c.)—R. N. W.  HOPTON,, Lord, Baron of Stratton, an English nobleman who took a prominent part on the side of the king in the great civil war. He served for some time with great distinction in the Low Countries, and on his return to England was elected a member of the Long parliament, where he strenuously supported the royal cause. When hostilities broke out he retired into the west country, where he raised a powerful army, and fortified no fewer than thirty strongholds for the king. His forces were under the best discipline, and were as much distinguished by their good behaviour as by their valour. In 1643 he defeated Colonel Ruthven at Bradock-down, and captured twelve hundred prisoners and all his ordnance; and shortly after he gained a signal victory over Waller at Stretton, and drove the royalists out of Cornwall. Ultimately, however, he was obliged to retreat before a superior force under Fairfax. Lord Hopton died at Bruges in 1652.—J. T.  HOPTON,, a devout lady who was born in Staffordshire in 1627, married Richard Hopton, one of the Welsh judges, and died at Hereford in 1709. She wrote "Daily Devotions," and a work entitled "Hexameron, or meditations on the six days of creation."—G. BL.  HORAPOLLO or HORUS APOLLO, an Egyptian author of a treatise on hieroglyphics, supposed to be the person referred to by Suidas as a grammarian of Phænebythis, who taught first at Alexandria, and afterwards at Constantinople under Theodosius. He is said to have written upon sacred places, and upon Homer, Alcæus, and Sophocles. Others of the name are to be met with. The "Hieroglyphica" was first published at Venice by Aldus in 1505. It is in two books, and professedly a translation into Greek made by one Philippus. This work has been often published; but the best edition by Leemans, Amsterdam, 1835, contains excellent prolegomena and notes. The book explains Egyptian hieroglyphics, and is of real value to Egyptologers, because evidently written by one who had carefully studied his subject on the spot. The actual trustworthiness of the work has been variously estimated, but all admit the inferior character of the second part as compared with the first. The work of Horapollo is mentioned by most writers on Egyptian antiquities; Fabricius thought it by an older writer than the one mentioned by Suidas, Photius, and Tzetzes.—B. H. C. <section end="993H" /> <section begin="993Zcontin" />HORATIUS,, the poet par excellence of the Augustan age of Rome, an age which his life and writings in their various phases combine to represent. No author of ancient times has been more read, more imitated, or had more commentators. It is impossible here to enter into the controversies which have been stirred regarding the details of his career, and the precise dates of his compositions. We can only epitomize those facts of the former which are attested by the authority of the latter. Horace was born at Venusia on the 8th of December, 65 . in the consulship of L. Cotta and M. Torquatus. In one of his odes he alludes to the dangers he incurred in running about the Apulian hills, and the grace of the gods which protected him, "non sine dis animosus infans." His father, a freed slave possessed of a little property on the Aufidus, appreciated the promise of the poet's childhood, and determined to secure for him the advantages of a superior education. He would not send his son to the village school of Flavius, but accompanied him to Rome to have him instructed, along with the heirs of knights and senators, in all the branches of a liberal culture. Horace, the boon companion of princes and the legislator of Latin <section end="993Zcontin" />