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HOD was more than his health could sustain; he died, March 7, 1797. Hodges painted views with considerable fidelity; but he had little imagination. One of his poetical landscapes—he painted two or three for Boydell's Shakspeare gallery—"Jacques in the Forest," is well known by Middiman's engraving.—J. T—e.  HODGKINSON,, a distinguished mechanical philosopher and experimentalist, was born at Anderton, near Northwich, Cheshire on the 26th of February, 1789. He was professor of the mechanical principles of engineering in University college, London. In 1841 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society; he was a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, and of various other scientific bodies; and he was chosen as one of the vice-presidents of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at their meeting in Manchester in 1861. His scientific labours consisted chiefly in making several long and elaborate series of experiments on the strength of the materials used in construction, especially timber and iron, and in deducing from those experiments laws of the highest interest and value, both theoretically and practically. He co-operated with Mr. Fairbairn in making experiments on the strength of wrought-iron, with a view to the erection of the Britannia bridge; and he was one of the commissioners who, in 1849, prepared the well-known report on the Application of Iron to Railway Structures. Amongst the discoveries to which the researches of Professor Hodgkinson led him, the following may be considered the most important:—The great differences that exist between the resistance of the same substance to tearing and crushing, and the general law, that in granular materials, such as stone and cast-iron, the resistance to crushing greatly exceeds the tenacity, while in fibrous materials, such as wrought-iron and timber, the tenacity greatly exceeds the resistance to crushing; the principles of the best form and proportions for cast-iron beams; and the laws of the resistance of long and short columns to pressure. The improved practical rules to which these discoveries have led have been followed by engineers all over the world, in designing structures of iron, with most advantageous results. Mr. Hodgkinson's researches may be found in detail in various volumes of the Philosophical Transactions and Manchester Transactions, and in a condensed form in the second part of a treatise on the strength of cast-iron (of which the first part was written by Tredgold), and in the report already referred to. He died on the 18th of June, 1861.—R.  HODY,, born at Odcombe, January 1, 1659; entered Wadham college, Oxford, of which he was M.A. in 1682, and fellow in 1684, when he published his first work, a "Latin Dissertation against Aristeas' Account of the Septuagint." He maintained that the narrative in question was a Jewish forgery designed to add authority to the Greek version. Vossius was much annoyed by it, and injured himself by abusing the young man from Oxford, as he called him. In 1689 Hody wrote a preface to the Historia Chronica of John Malela. In 1689 Bishop Stillingfleet chose Hody for his chaplain, and he now entered the arena of controversy, by publishing his "Unreasonableness of Separation from the New Bishops;" that is, of those who had been appointed to succeed the nonjurors. Henry Dodwell had till now been Hody's friend, but replied to him in a Vindication of the deprived bishops. In 1693 Hody answered Dodwell and others in his "Case of Sees Vacant by an unjust or uncanonical deprivation stated," &c. It should be observed that Hody's "Unreasonableness of Separation" was a translation from the Greek of Nicephorus. Dodwell wrote a Defence of the Vindication; but it does not appear that Hody pushed the controversy any further. He was chaplain to Archbishops Tillotson and Tenison, by whom he was presented to the living of Chort, near Canterbury, which he exchanged for one in London. These were his reward for defending the principles of the party in power against the nonjurors, against whom also, by Tenison's direction in 1696, he wrote his "Animadversions on Two Pamphlets, lately published by Mr. Collier," &c. This was Jeremy Collier, who had attended Friend and Perkins when brought to the scaffold for a design upon the life of King William. In 1698 Hody was made regius professor of Greek at Oxford, and in 1704 archdeacon of Oxford. When the controversy on the subject of convocation was resuscitated, Hody published in 1701 a "History of English Councils and Convocations, and of the clergy's sitting in parliament; in which also is comprehended the history of parliaments, with an account of our ancient laws." Besides the works already named, he published in 1704, that by which he is perhaps best known, "De Bibliorum Textibus originalibus, versionibus Græcis et Latina Vulgata, libri iv." This included a republication of his first work, and a reply to the animadversions of Vossius. In 1694 he published a treatise on the resurrection of the same body. He left in manuscript a work on the lives and writings of the illustrious Greeks who came to Europe, and revived in the west the study of Grecian literature. This was published in 1742 in Latin by Dr. Jebb. Hody died January 20, 1706, and was buried in the chapel of Wadham college. In this college he founded ten scholarships of ten pounds each for the encouragement of Greek and Hebrew studies. The services he rendered to the cause of biblical literature by his work "De Textibus," were considerable.—B. H. C.  HOE,, was born of a noble Austrian family at Vienna in 1580. Having chosen the protestant church for his profession, he commenced his studies at Wittenberg in 1597, where he distinguished himself very highly by his talents and close application to study in all the three faculties of arts, theology, and law. As soon as he took his master's degree he began to give lectures in arts, and had soon an audience of two hundred students. On taking orders he became eminent as a preacher, and was soon after appointed by Elector Christian II. one of his court chaplains. Possessing in a high degree the art of ingratiating himself with princes, he speedily became the chief favourite of the elector, who often placed him beside himself at table, and made him repeated presents of money. He became superintendent of Plauen, and soon afterwards director of the evangelical states of Bohemia. But having bound himself on his leaving Saxony to enter upon this office, to return again at the call of the elector, he was recalled in 1612 to occupy the high position of first court preacher at Dresden, in the service of Elector John George I., a weak prince—"the beer-swiller," as the people called him—over whom he acquired immense influence; and in this position he continued till his death. It was to this prince that the Bohemian crown was first offered before it was accepted by the unfortunate Elector Palatine Frederick V. Saxony became deeply engaged in the troubles of the Thirty Years' war, and her political jealousy of Frederick, as well as her fanatical hatred of the Calvinists, impelled her into an unnatural alliance with the Austrians and the jesuits. Hoe was largely responsible for this error and crime. The elector consulted him, as his "spiritual oracle," as to the side he should take in the strife, and it was by his advice that he resolved to take part with the emperor against his fellow-protestants. Hoe was also accused of having received large bribes from the Austrians for his treacherous services—an accusation which is justified by his own letters, and is confirmed by the fact that he lived and died in great wealth. His career is a melancholy illustration of the virulence of the odium theologicum. He hated the Calvinistic branch of the protestant church so violently, that rather than use his influence on its side, he sold himself to the common enemy both of Lutheranism and Calvinism, and shared largely in the guilt of involving both his church and country in the horrors of a protracted war.—P. L.  * HOEFER, J., an eminent French writer, but a native of Germany, was born April 21, 1811. He studied first at his native village, and afterwards at Rudolstadt. Being intended for the church, he applied himself to the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, as well as modern languages. At the close of his course he set out for England, and was shipwrecked on the coast of East Friesland, destitute of everything. Having been relieved by the duke of Oldenburg, he traversed Holland and Belgium, and entered France, where he joined the army as a volunteer, and in 1830 was ordered to embark for the Morea. His Greek experiences were so discouraging, that in 1831 he embraced the permission to retire from the service, and, after suffering many hardships and perils, succeeded in reaching France, where he set up as a teacher. His first important work was a French version of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, which he undertook at the request of Burnouf, who invited him to Paris, and made him his secretary. Having resolved upon the medical profession, he studied at the jardin des plantes, the college de France, and the Sorbonne. Hoefer took his degree as doctor of medicine, and in 1841 commenced practice in Paris. In 1843 the French government employed him on a mission to investigate the teaching and practice of medicine in Germany. His report appeared in the Moniteur in 1844. This was followed by a similar 