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HEN at Burlington in which she had taken up her residence, and the parliament ordered her to be impeached for high treason. In 1644 she fled to France, and after the execution of Charles in 1647 she retired to the convent of Chaillot. Her behaviour at this period displayed great heartlessness and levity, if not something worse. It was confidently asserted that she was secretly married to Harry Jermyn, who had long been her favourite. At the Restoration she visited England, but soon returned to France, and died suddenly 10th September, 1669, at Colombo, near Paris. Her funeral sermon was preached by Bossuet.—J. T.  HENRION, Nicolas, was born at Troyes in 1663. In 1701 he became a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and in 1705 was appointed professor of Syriac at the collége de France. He died in 1720, leaving unfinished his work on the weights and measures of the ancients.—W. J. P.  HENRIOT,, was born at Nanterre in 1761. After a youth stained by crime, he rose to high command in the national guard, and distinguished himself by a certain brutal energy in coercing the convention, on the 2nd June, 1792. He narrowly escaped participating in the fate of the Hébertists. On the great day of the 9th Thermidor, when his services were supremely needed by his master, Henriot was intoxicated. Shaking off the fumes of wine, he showed for a while some of his old audacity; but at last, deserted by his own troops, he fled to the commune to say that the game was up. Coffinhal, indignant, flung him out of a second-floor window. His fall was appropriately broken by a dungheap; but his cries led to his discovery. Next morning he was guillotined.—W. J. P.  HENRY: the sovereigns of this name are here noticed under the names of their respective countries, alphabetically arranged.    HENRY II., King of Castile, natural son of Alphonso XI., born in 1333. At first he was kindly treated by his brother, Peter the Cruel, but soon after he caused Henry's mother to be strangled, and the bastard fled to Portugal. From this time forth he plotted and fought to overthrow his brother's throne. By the assistance of France he had almost succeeded, but the intervention of England turned the scale against him. Henry soon renewed the struggle. The pope legitimatized him; the king of France gave him money; and Peter, from whom English aid was now withheld, was shut up in the castle of Montiel, and slain by his brother's hand at an interview between them in 1368. The power thus gained by fratricide was yet used with sagacity and vigour. Henry overcame the hostility of Portugal, of Arragon, and Navarre, and acquired and retained the affection of his subjects. He died at Burgos in 1379.—W. J. P.  HENRY III., King of Castile, was born at Burgos in 1379. His father, John I., died in 1390, and the young king commenced his reign with a turbulent nobility and a distressed people. At the age of fourteen he declared his minority at an end; and then, despite bodily weakness, he displayed the greatest energy in vanquishing the refractory grandees, treating them afterwards with a clemency equal to his valour. He vainly endeavoured to reconcile the rival popes, Benedict XIII. and Boniface III.; but having ventured to manage the ecclesiastical affairs of his own kingdom according to his oven will, Boniface excommunicated him and declared his throne vacant. Henry disregarded these fulminations, and the papal legate had to leave Spain. In 1403 Henry acknowledged Benedict as pope. Anxious to repress the pirates of the African coast, he captured and destroyed Tetuan. His internal reforms were numerous and important. During a war with Granada he died in 1406.—W J. P.  HENRY IV., King of Castile, surnamed , was born at Valladolid in 1425, and succeeded his father, John II., in 1454. When he ascended the throne Castile was prosperous and at peace; but his gross profligacy and his reckless extravagance soon alienated the affections of his subjects. One of his minions, Beltran de la Cueva, was so strongly suspected of an adulterous connection with Jane of Portugal, Henry's queen, that the grandees refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the infanta, who was popularly stigmatized with the name of la Beltraneja. Rising in arms, the grandees deposed Henry in 1465, burnt him in effigy at Valladolid, and proclaimed his brother Alphonso as king. After an indecisive civil war had lasted for three years Alphonso died; and Henry's sister, Isabella, whom the grandees solicited to accept the crown, refused to do so. The war was finally concluded by Henry consenting to divorce his queen for infidelity, to banish both her and her daughter from the court, and to acknowledge Isabella as his successor. Against his wish Isabella married Ferdinand, the infanta of Arragon; whereupon Henry endeavoured to secure the reversion of the crown to la Beltraneja. Foiled in this attempt, he became reconciled to his sister and her husband. He had undertaken, with the papal sanction, a holy war against the Moors of Granada; it had lasted for ten years, and when Henry was about to prosecute it with greater vigour, he was taken suddenly ill, and died in 1474. He was succeeded by his sister, the illustrious Isabella.—W. J. P. <section end="911H" /> <section begin="911I" /> <section end="911I" /> <section begin="911Zcontin" />HENRY I., surnamed , or as Capgrave terms him in his Chronicle of England, Herry Clerk, was the youngest and third (surviving) son of William the Conqueror by Matilda of Flanders, and was born at Selby in Yorkshire in 1068-69. He was the only one of the Conqueror's issue who was an Englishman by birth. At his father's decease in 1087, his dominions were apportioned among his elder children, and Henry received nothing but a sum of £5000 in silver, with three-fifths of which he purchased from his brother Robert, duke of Normandy, the district of the Cotentin, embracing nearly a third of the whole duchy. In 1090 Henry lent his aid to Robert in suppressing a revolt of the Norman barons against their prince, instigated by William Rufus; but in the ensuing year peace having been made between England and Normandy, Rufus and the duke entered into a secret coalition, and drove Henry I. out of his possessions. During the next two years Henry was reduced to great distresses; but at length, on the invitation of the inhabitants, he assumed the government of Domprout; and this circumstance led to his recovery of the Cotentin, and his reconciliation with the English monarch. While on a visit to his brother in England, Henry was hunting with him in the New Forest on that memorable day in August, 1100, where Rufus was accidentally slain by Sir Walter Tyrrell. Henry hastened without a moment's loss of time to Winchester, where the royal treasure was kept, secured it, and took immediate steps for proclaiming himself king at London, and other principal points, to the exclusion of Robert, who was in the Holy Land. The coronation of Henry took place in August; his union with Matilda of Scotland, Maud "the good queen," was not solemnized till the 11th November.

The marriage of Henry with a Saxon princess, his English birth, and some conciliatory acts, contributed to render him popular, and to strengthen his position; and it soon became manifest that he was in need of all the influence and weight which he was thus enabled to command. Robert having been apprised, during his stay in the east, of William's decease, returned home, prepared an expedition against England, and after many delays, landed with a large force at Portsmouth about Whitsuntide, 1101. Henry, whose troops were concentrated at Pevensey, overtook the Norman prince and his army before they reached Winchester; a parley ensued, which terminated in an agreement, securing to the king his own possessions, and Normandy to Robert, with the stipulation that an amnesty should be accorded to the adherents on both sides, and that, if either died without lawful issue, the survivor should succeed him. These conditions Henry was the first to violate. Several of the English barons, who owned Norman estates, had seconded Robert's attempt, and the king readily contrived by various means to accomplish their ruin, and to supplant them by his own minions. Robert, naturally incensed at this breach of faith, was betrayed into certain violent measures, and his brother, seizing the opportunity, declared the compact between them to be at an end. The duke of Normandy was asked to cede his heritage for a pecuniary consideration; on his refusal to comply, Henry crossed over to Normandy in 1105, took Bayeux and Caen, and on the 28th September, 1106, utterly defeated Robert at Tenchebrai. The duke was taken prisoner, with four hundred others, and was confined for the rest of his life at Cardiff castle, where he survived till 1135. Thus the re-union of the dominions of William the Conqueror was accomplished; and Henry, having arrived at a compromise with the holy see on the subject of episcopal investiture, was allowed a few years' repose.

After the fatal battle of Tenchebrai, William Fitzrobert, son of the imprisoned duke, succeeded in escaping to France, and enlisted the sympathy of Louis VI., and of Foulkes, count of Anjou. In 1113 Henry was consequently attacked in Normandy by the supporters of Fitzrobert; and the results were <section end="911Zcontin" />