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GUT Their son Thomas attended the Burgher meeting-house with his mother, during one part of the sabbath, and the church with his father during another. All the influences around him in early youth tended to enlist his sympathies on the side of principles which are now associated with his efforts in behalf of social morality and religious life. Guthrie attended a school connected with the Antiburgher meeting-house, in which the well-known author of the Life of John Knox at one time acted as teacher. Before going to college he was for some time under the care of a licentiate of the Church of Scotland. Under the charge of a tutor he entered, when only twelve years of age, the university of Edinburgh, where he studied for ten years. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Brechin in 1825. Like some other famous preachers, his gifts were not very speedily appreciated, and it even appeared as if they were not likely soon to influence the party, which at that time had power over nearly all the patronage of the church. In these circumstances Dr. Guthrie turned his attention to the study of medicine, and went to Paris, where he "walked" the hospitals for six months. On the sudden death of his brother John, Dr. Guthrie took his place in the bank, and conducted its business for behoof of his family until his nephew was able to enter on it. This varied experience throws much light upon the rare ability which Dr. Guthrie brings to bear on so many different phases of life, both by his writings and from the pulpit. But for this, his lively fancy, great power of graphic description, and broad, genial sympathies, would have failed to influence men as they do. In 1830 he was presented to the parish of Arbirlot in the presbytery of Brechin; in 1837 he was translated to Old Greyfriars church, Edinburgh, and in 1840 St. John's church in the same city was built mainly for him. At the disruption in 1843 he joined the party who left the Established Church. His successful efforts in raising money to build manses for the ministers of the Free Church are well known in Scotland, and his labours in behalf of ragged schools have gained him the esteem and approbation of philanthropists both in this country and in America. Dr. Guthrie's principal works are—"Three Pleas for Ragged Schools;" "The Gospel in Ezekiel;" "Christ and the Inheritance of the Saints;" "Christ and Christ crucified;" "War;" and "The Street Preacher." Few authors of modern times have been so successful in the literature of popular theology.—J. D., T.  GUTHRIE,, a noted champion of the Scottish covenant before and after the Restoration, was born in 1620 on his father's estate of Polforthy in Forfarshire, and was educated at the university of St. Andrews. He became private tutor to the eldest son of the earl of Loudon, chancellor of Scotland, by whom he was presented in 1644 to the church and parish of Fenwick in Ayrshire. He was ejected by Burnet, archbishop of Glasgow, in 1664. He died October 10, 1665, leaving behind him several poems and a work, "The Christian's Great Interest," which has passed through numerous editions, was translated into French, High and Low Dutch, and has long been regarded as a standard-book in Scotland. He was a person of eccentric habits, was fond of fishing and fowling, and is remembered in Ayrshire by the title of the "Fool of Fenwick," an appellation which is even printed on the title-pages of his published sermons.—G. BL.  GUTHRIE,, a miscellaneous writer of enormous industry and of no mean ability, was born in 1708 in the county of Forfar. His father was an episcopal minister at Brechin, and a cadet of the ancient family of Guthrie of Halkerton in Angus. William studied at King's college, Aberdeen, where he took his degrees, and prepared to enter on the unambitious career of parish schoolmaster in his native country. An unfortunate love affair, however, seems to have thwarted his projects, and he was driven to the resolution of seeking his fortune in London. Arriving there about 1730, he looked about for literary occupation, and succeeded ultimately in establishing a trade which since his day has greatly flourished—the trade of authorship. Soon after his arrival in London, Cave published the first number of the Gentleman's Magazine, and Guthrie, by way of reporting the speeches in parliament, concocted from such hints as he could gather the debates in the "Senate of Lilliput," which were published in that periodical. In the performance of this duty he was subsequently superseded by Johnson. Wielding his pen as an instrument with which to gain a livelihood, Guthrie had no scruples in offering to write pamphlets for the government, from whom he contrived at one time (1745-46, and afterwards) to extract an allowance of £200 a year.—(See his letter given in Disraeli's Calamities of Authors, vol. i. p. 5.) Of his numerous works it may be said they all have merit, and some of them merit in a high degree. The art of writing history critically was ignored at that time, and Guthrie was the first historian of England who drew the materials for his work from dusty documents and the records of parliament. He anticipated Walpole's historic doubts concerning Richard III., and incurred that vain author's resentment by so doing. His "History of Scotland," notwithstanding its inaccuracies and defects, is still a valuable work, while his translations of Cicero and Quintilian are given in such terse, vigorous, and Saxon English as to make them still among the most lively representations of these ancient authors. Guthrie died in March, 1770, and was buried in Marylebone churchyard. The following is a list of his principal works, exclusive of those above noticed—"History of the English Peerage," 1763; "History of the World," 1764-67; "History of England to 1688," 1744-51; "Geographical Grammar," said to have been really compiled by Knox the bookseller, 1770; "The Friends, a sentimental history," 1754, "Remarks on English Tragedy."—R. H.  GUTHRY,, Bishop of Dunkeld, was born at Cupar-Angus in Forfarshire about the beginning of the seventeenth century; studied at the university of St. Andrews; and was presented to the church of Stirling. In 1638 he subscribed the Covenant, but in 1647 he was deposed from the ministry, as having been one of those who joined the engagement for the support of Charles I. against the parliament. At the Restoration he was replaced in his charge, and having conformed to the re-establishment of episcopacy, was appointed bishop of Dunkeld in 1665. He is supposed to have died in 1676. A "History of his Own Time," which he left behind him in manuscript, was published in London in 1702, and a second edition at Glasgow in 1747.—G. BL.  * GUTIERREZ,, a Spanish dramatic poet, was born in 1812 at Chiclana, near Cadiz, and studied medicine in that city. He came while quite young to Madrid, and supported himself by writing for various periodicals. He became one of the editors of the Revista Española, and soon attempted dramatic composition. In 1835 he was drawn for the militia, but returned to Madrid to witness the representation of his first piece, "El Trovador," which furnished the material for the libretto of Verdi's opera of the same name. Its success was complete, and the author spent some months in Cadiz engaged on other dramas. He was afterwards the theatrical critic of the Eco del Comercio. Various other plays have proceeded from his pen, some of which have enjoyed considerable reputation; others were rejected by the managers, or coldly received by the public. In 1843 he embarked for Havana, and lived for some time at Merida de Yucatan. His dramas have attained in the New World a popularity even greater than they enjoyed in Spain.—F. M. W.  GUTTENBERG. See  * GUTZKOW,, a distinguished and prolific German dramatist and novelist, was born of humble family at Berlin, 17th March, 1811. Soon after having completed his studies, he began writing for the press, an avocation which, with considerable success, he pursued at various places. The novels, which Gutzkow published at the same time, especially his licentious "Wally," are disfigured by those loose moral ideas which the so-called Young Germany eagerly strove to introduce into literature. Gutzkow and his followers were denounced by his old friend W. Menzel, under whose guidance he had begun his literary career; the sale of his writings was prohibited by the Prussian government, and he was imprisoned for three months at Mannheim. In 1847 Gutzkow was appointed literary manager to the Dresden Hoftheater, which situation he however resigned some years after. Gutzkow's tragedies, "Richard Savage," "Patkul," "Uriel Acosta," &c., as well as his comedies, "Das Urbild des Tartuffe," "Zopf und Schwert," "Der Kœnigslieutenant," &c., enjoy a universal and well-deserved popularity. Latterly he has resumed novel writing, and has achieved a permanent success by his "Ritter vom Geiste" and his "Zauberer von Rom"—both compositions on the grandest scale, of the widest grasp of thought, and vividly reflecting all the tendencies of modern civilization. Since 1852 Gutzkow, who still resides at Dresden, has edited the Unterhaltungen am häuslichen Herd, a successful imitation of Dickens' Household Words.—K. E. 