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GUB caused him to be hanged on a charge of conspiracy which is believed to have been groundless.—F. M. W.  GUBBIO,, a celebrated Italian illuminator of the Umbrian school, who died about the year 1300, considered the founder of the school of Bologna. He was a man of great reputation in his time, and he is mentioned by Dante in his Purgatorio (canto xi.), where, in noticing miniature painting, the poet speaks of him as "the honour of Agobbio, and the glory of that art which in Paris they call illuminating." His fame, however, was surpassed by that of his pupil. Franco Bolognese, who was still living in 1313, and of whom Dante says with reference to Oderigi—"Più ridon le carte che pennelleggia Franco Bolognese." Vasari notices Oderigi as the friend of Giotto. No authenticated illuminations of his are preserved.—R. N. W.  GUCHT,, a Dutch engraver, was born at Antwerp in 1660; was a pupil of one Boutats; settled in London, where he practised his art with much success, and died October 16, 1725. He was a good deal employed on anatomical plates, but he also engraved many of the portraits for Clarendon's History and other publications. The print of Bishop Sprat after Lely is by him; and he engraved after Kneller portraits of Congreve, Atterbury, Addison, and others. Michael Van der Gucht was the teacher of G. Vertue. Two of his sons also practised successfully in London as engravers.——born about 1695; died in 1776—executed numerous portraits for the booksellers; the well-known prints of Dryden, Archbishop Tillotson, &c., after Kneller; and others from various painters of Milton, Philips, Hughes, Colley Cibber, &c.—, born in 1697, etched several academical figures after Louis Cheron, from whom he learned design; plates for the Osteology of Cheselden; some from Thornhill's paintings in the dome of St. Paul's; various portraits; and Poussin's Tancred and Erminia. He survived his brother but a short time.—J. T—e.  GUDE. See.  * GUDIN,, a French marine painter, was born at Paris, August 15, 1802, and studied under Girodet Trioson. M. Gudin has painted almost exclusively marine subjects. His first contribution to the Salon was in 1822; in 1824 he obtained a gold medal, and in 1828, after the exhibition of two of his best pictures, the "Burning of the Kent East Indiaman" and "Fishing-boats Returning," he was created knight of the legion of honour. Other pictures of a similar character followed in rapid succession, and he was commissioned to decorate the palace of Versailles with illustrations of the naval history of France. During the ten years previous to the revolution of 1848 he painted some sixty pictures for this series, when that event brought his labours to an abrupt termination. As the result of travels in the East, M. Gudin has painted the "Burning of Pera," the "Plague in Africa," "View of Constantinople," &c.; and as the result of a Scottish tour, "Moonrise on the Coast of Aberdeen," and other views of the Scottish coasts. For long M. Gudin enjoyed excessive popularity, his countrymen regarding him as the first of marine painters; but of late his popularity has waned. His chief works were collected at the Exposition Universelle of 1855, on which occasion he was awarded a medal of the first class.—J. T—e.  GUDIUS,, an eminent German antiquarian and critic, was born in Holstein in 1635. He studied at Reusberg, his native place, and at Jena. He was destined for the Law, but gave himself to the study of antiquities. The interest of Gronovius (John Frederick) and of Grævius was exerted in his favour, and he eventually became the travelling companion of a rich young nobleman, Samuel Schas, with whom he set out for Paris in 1659. At Paris he was introduced to Menage and other learned men. They next went to Italy, where they visited Florence, Rome, Capua, &c. During this journey they were indefatigable in examining and collecting ancient inscriptions, manuscripts, &c. In 1663 they returned to France, and soon after made a short visit to England. They then went into Germany for a time. To this period belong the dishonourable devices of Isaac Vossius to depreciate the character and collections of Gudius, and to alienate him from Schas. Happily his endeavours failed, and the two friends continued united for the next ten years, apparently spent in Holland. Schas died in 1675, and left his great wealth to Gudius. He is charged with forgetting his friends on his elevation to fortune; he certainly forfeited the friendship of the duke of Holstein, but the king of Denmark made him a councillor of state. He died in 1689, having published little, but promised much. He stood very high with the learned, and his opinions were often adopted by them. His great work, "Antiquæ inscriptiones quum Græcæ tum Latinæ," was edited by Kool and Hessel, 1731.—B. H. C.  GUEBRIANT,, Comte de, one of the greatest generals of the seventeenth century, was born in 1602 at the castle of Plessis-Budes in Brittany. Having served in Holland, in Italy, and in Germany with great distinction, he was raised in 1636 to the rank of major-general, and in 1641 succeeded to the sole command of the army in Germany. On the 29th of June in that year he gained the battle of Wolfenbüttel, and again defeated the imperial troops at Ordingen in 1642. For these signal services he was created a marshal of France. Following up his advantages, he laid siege to Rothweil, which he carried by assault, but died on the 24th November, 1643, from the effects of a wound received in the trenches. His body was conveyed to Paris, and interred by Louis XIV. with great solemnity. His widow, Renée du Bec, a daughter of the marquis de Verdes, became afterwards one of the greatest celebrities at the court of Louis XIV. Distinguished by her finesse, ambitious, and unprincipled, she was sent in 1645 as ambassadress-extraordinary to Vladislaus IV., king of Poland, and succeeded in her delicate mission of reconciling that monarch to the Princess Maria Theresa, whom he had married at Paris by proxy, and wished to repudiate.—G. BL.  GUEDIER DE SAINT-AUBIN,, was born in 1695, and educated in the university of Paris. He became a professor at the Sorbonne in 1730, and librarian to it in 1736; and he was also made abbé of St. Vulmer. He was well versed in Greek, Latin, French, English, and Italian. His chief celebrity, however, was as an authority in cases of conscience; and he was admitted to be the foremost casuist of his day. He published "The Sacred History of the Two Covenants" in 1741, and died at Paris in the following year.—W. J. P. <section end="787H" /> <section begin="787I" />* GUEEL Y RENTE,, a Spanish politician and writer, born about 1820, in the island of Cuba, of an ancient Spanish family; received the degree of doctor when at Barcelona in 1840; married in June, 1848, the sister of the king of Spain, the Infanta Josefa de Bourbon. In 1854 he took part in the movement of the Vicalvarist generals. Shortly afterwards he was named a deputy to the cortes, and re-elected in 1857, his political opinions being those of the "progresista" party. In early life he published a poem "Amarguras del corazon" (Sorrows of the heart); and in 1854 "Lagrimas del corazon" (Tears of the heart). His prose works are "Thoughts, Christian, Philosophic, and Political;" "Legends of America;" "The Virgin of Avicenas;" "Comparison between Isabella I. and Isabella II.;" "Story of a Grief-stricken Soul;" "The Granddaughter of Kings," and articles in periodicals. He is preparing a "History of the Conquest of America."—F. M. W. <section end="787I" /> <section begin="787Zcontin" />GUELPHS and GHIBELINES, political nicknames which arose in Germany out of a dispute between two reigning families, and were transferred to Italy to become respectively the badge of two parties whose bitter animosity to one another distracted and devastated that unhappy country for about three centuries. The origin of the terms was as follows:—In 1137 Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, was not only disappointed of his hope of succeeding his father-in-law, Lothaire, on the imperial throne, by the election of Conrad Hohen-Stauffen of Suabia to the vacancy, but was put under the ban of the empire, compelled to endure many losses and indignities, and finally died of a broken spirit. His son, Henry the Lion, while yet an infant, was under the protection of his uncle Guelph, who sought to gratify a natural resentment and redress the wrongs of his family by taking the field against Conrad. From a petty skirmish in the civil war which ensued were derived the names of the mighty factions under consideration. Conrad's forces, under his brother Frederick, were besieging the castle of Weinsperg, when the garrison made an unexpected sally which proved successful. The war-cry of the Saxons in this engagement was the name of their leader, "Guelph! Guelph!" while the Suabians gave answering cry in the name of "Ghibelungen," the town in which their duke, Frederick, was born. Hence arose "those pernicious and diabolical names, which prevailed afterwards to the destruction of all Italy." The appellation of Ghibeline soon came to be accepted as that of a supporter of the emperor and of the imperial claims; while the opponents of imperial pretensions were ranged together as Guelphs. When the struggle for supremacy <section end="787Zcontin" />