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GIL without developing national character or political institutions, he goes on, in general straightforward thought, with a mere narration of facts; and even in this narration we desiderate that sagacious and sceptical criticism by which, in a period remarkably destitute of regular ancient history, the steps of the modern compiler ought to be guided." Since these remarks were written, we have had enough of "sceptical criticism" applied to ancient history, the "sagacity" of which is beginning to be questioned even in Germany, where it has been carried to such an excess. The reaction which has commenced will not carry us back to the simple faith of our predecessors, who regarded all written in Greek and Latin as if it were gospel; but it will place us in a position equally distant from the extreme scepticism of Niebuhr, Grote, and Lewis.—W. B. B.  GILLIES,, a member of the Scotch bar, a relative of Gillies the historian of Greece, and of Lord Gillies, commenced life under the most favourable auspices. Possessed of a good fortune and of the Hawthornden estate, near Edinburgh, rendered sacred to men of letters from its connection with Drummond the poet, Mr. Gillies became a familiar of the literary circle of Edinburgh at a time when the Scottish capital bore, not undeservedly, the name of the modern Athens. Scott, Wordsworth, Wilson, Hogg, Lockhart, and Sir Egerton Brydges, were among his friends and correspondents. Wordsworth repaid his hospitality with a fine sonnet beginning—

In a letter that Sir Walter Scott wrote to him, the same tendency to mental depression is noticed and combated. The hearty Sir Walter recommends his correspondent to "fall in love with the best and prettiest girl in the neighbourhood." In Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk, where Lockhart describes a visit he paid in company with Hogg to Mr. Gillies' beautiful seat, he speaks of the "wavering and desponding fancies of his too sensitive nature." To this unvarying testimony of an unstable and moody character must be added Mr. Gillies' own confession in his "Memoirs of a Literary Veteran," 3 vols., 1851, from which it appears that he ran through and otherwise lost his fortune, neglected his advantages, and disappointed his friends. Even after this he had many chances. Blackwood's Magazine was open to his contributions; he received £200 for a novel; he opened a new vein in translating German stories into English; he was the first editor of the Foreign Quarterly Review; he translated some of Œhlenschlager's works, and introduced the subject of Swedish as well as Danish literature to English notice. Yet spite of these advantages his life became a painful struggle; and so entirely has he passed away from the minds of men, that at the time these lines are written, it has become a matter of difficulty to ascertain whether he be living or dead. His works are—"Varia;" "Childe Alarique," poems; "Recollections of Sir W. Scott," 1827; "Sir Henry Longueville," a novel; and the memoirs above mentioned. In Wilson's Noctes Ambrosianæ, he figures as Kemperhausen.—R. H.  GILLOT, : date of his birth not known; died at Paris in 1620; entered early into orders; appears to have been greatly loved and admired by his friends, among whom were the Scaligers, Casaubon, and Rapin. He was one of the principal authors of the famous "Satyre Menippée." The "Procession burlesque de la Ligue," and the "Harangue du cardinal legat," are referred to him.—J. A., D.  GILLRAY,, a celebrated caricaturist, was born in 1757. He was apprenticed to a writing engraver, but afterwards worked under Bartolozzi, in whose studio he probably acquired much of his remarkable facility in drawing and etching the figure. He commenced his career as a caricaturist in 1782, and for somewhat over a quarter of a century continued to put forth his political and personal satires in astonishing profusion. In all their number is said to exceed twelve hundred. His ready pencil was (directed against all kinds of personages and all parties. With pertinacity and pungency equal to that of Peter Pindar he attacked the king (George III.) and history ministers, but the prince regent he handled with even greater freedom; whilst at the same time the whigs, as friends of the French revolution, met with little mercy. His plates show us the ridiculous side of the outer forms of such men as Burke, Fox, and Pitt; and they have besides a certain historical value as illustrative of the costume and manners of the time. But they are always coarse, and often brutal, and it would have been no loss to art or morality if they had altogether perished. Many have, however, been collected by Mr. M'Lean, again by Mr. Bohn, and illustrated by Messrs. Wright and Evans in a Historical and Descriptive Account of Gillray's Caricatures, 1851, a work which will be of considerable service to the student of the period illustrated. Several of the caricatures engraved by Gillray were designed by Rowlandson and others. He also engraved some miscellaneous plates in the early part of his career. Gillray was a man of intemperate and reckless habits, as the result of which, notwithstanding the unparalleled popularity of his prints, he was seldom free from pecuniary difficulties, and he at length (about 1811) became insane, and ultimately sank into a state of imbecility. He died June 1, 1815. His portrait, a miniature by himself, is in the National Portrait Gallery.—J. T—e.  GILLY,, D.D., born in 1789, is identified with a revived interest in the protestant inhabitants of the Pays de Vaud, brought about mainly by his publication of a book in 1824, entitled "Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piedmont, in the year 1823, and Researches among the Vaudois or Waldenses, Protestant inhabitants of the Cottian Alps." The sympathy excited throughout England by this work resulted in the formation of a fund sufficient to found and maintain a college and library at La Tour in Piedmont. Among the contributors to the fund was the aged and amiable Barrington, bishop of Durham, who seized the first opportunity of a vacancy in the cathedral to testify his interest in the author of Waldensian Researches by appointing Mr. Gilly to a canonry there in 1825. To this was added shortly after the living of St. Margaret's in that city, which was exchanged in 1831 for the vicarage of Norham on the Tweed. In both situations Dr. Gilly was highly esteemed as a laborious and conscientious pastor. He received the degree of D.D. in 1833. He died at Norham, September 10, 1855.—R. H.  GILPIN,, "the apostle of the North," was born at Kentmire Hall in Westmoreland in the year 1517. After finishing his education at a public school, he removed to Oxford, and at the age of sixteen was entered on the foundation at Queen's college. Here he devoted himself principally to divinity and such studies as were connected with the interpretation of scripture, to which he was powerfully drawn by the writings of Erasmus, then just beginning to be generally known in this country among students. From these he also imbibed a spirit of more free inquiry than was usual at that time; but he was not as yet shaken in his attachment to the Church of Rome. When Wolsey founded Christ Church college, Gilpin was one of the first to whom he offered the advantages of that new and splendid foundation. While resident there, he continued to prosecute his studies and to mingle in the controversies of the day. Having consented very reluctantly to defend the popish side against Peter Martyr in a public dispute, he was so impressed with the force of his opponent's arguments that he withdrew from the contest and shut himself up, that he might earnestly and prayerfully reconsider the whole subject in controversy between the papists and the reformers. The result of these inquiries led him to see that he could no longer remain with a safe conscience in the communion of the Church of Rome. He accordingly avowed himself of the reformed faith, and was numbered among its adherents, though he continued to retain his place at Oxford. Here he remained till his thirty-fifth year, when he was presented to the vicarage of Norton in Durham by King Edward in 1552. Before going to reside, he was called to preach before the king at Greenwich, where he took occasion, Latimer-like, to point out very plainly and to c ensure sharply the prevailing vices and abuses of the age, not sparing either the court or the clergy. Having obtained from secretary Cecil the royal license of general preaching, he, on settling in his parish, not only laboured to fulfil its duties, but travelled into other parts of the country to preach. Becoming somewhat uneasy as to his duty in relation to controverted points, and not satisfied that he did right in merely inculcating moral duties in his preaching, he, by the advice of Bishop Tunstall, who was his uncle, resolved to go abroad and spend some time in conference with learned and godly men there. For this purpose he resigned his benefice, though the bishop wished him only to leave it for the time in the charge of a substitute, and passed over to the continent. After visiting Mechlin, where one of his brothers resided, and other places in the Low Countries, he settled at Louvain, where he devoted himself to study. From this he went to Paris; and after the lapse of three years he returned to 