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GER the Rhine. In the next spring the Catti experienced the same treatment. Aid was sent to Segestes, an ally of Rome, who was besieged by his son-in-law, Arminius, another Cheruscan chieftain. Germanicus' boldness, however, sometimes, as on this occasion, trenched upon rashness. He successfully laid waste the valleys of the Ems and Lippe, and performed funeral ceremonies over the bones of Varus' legions in the Lippische Wald, conducting a detachment by water up the Ems; but advancing yet further, he received, somewhat of a check from Arminius. In 16 he carried his troops by water in a thousand boats to the mouth of the Ems. He landed on the left bank, and after some difficulty crossed that river and the Weser, on which Arminius was posted. In the night before the engagement he traversed his camp in disguise, like our own Henry V. in Shakspeare, and was cheered on every side by hearing praises of his kindness, affability, and noble birth and person. After two victories he returned by the ocean to the Rhine, though with the loss of several of his transports. This was his last year in Germany; for he had now to yield to his adoptive father's jealousy of his popularity. To compensate for the disappointment, he was allowed to celebrate in May, 17, a splendid triumph for his reduction of Germany as far as the Elbe. He had also the government of the East, with full prerogatives, assigned to him. But to watch his movements, Cneius Calpurnius Piso was appointed to the subordinate administration of Syria. In 18 the young prince had journeyed along by Dalmatia, where he had paid his adoptive brother Drusus a visit, to Actium, and so on by Athens, where he was received as the representative of the Drusi and other great Roman houses, by Ilium, by the oracle of Colophon, and by Rhodes—in which island he chanced to rescue Piso when in danger of shipwreck—to Armenia. He had there enthroned Zeno, in place of the ejected Vonones or Arsaces, and returned to winter in Syria, and exchange discourtesies with Piso. In the next year, 19, we find him exciting the emperor's suspicions by making a progress up the Nile. This was his last progress. On his return to Syria he was seized with a gradual decline. His malady was aggravated, there is little doubt, by the quarrel with Piso, whom he suspected of having had a slow poison administered to him. He died in October, 19, in his thirty-fourth year. Germanicus was gentle, of winning manners, though stern in his war policy. In addition to a graceful person and popular and almost democratic demeanour, he was possessed of literary abilities, and composed various comedies in Greek, besides translating Aratus. The senate, the whole nation, and even foreign states testified their sorrow at his death. Germanicus left by Agrippina six children, of whom were Gains Caligula, and Agrippina, wife to the Emperor Claudius, and Nero's mother.—(Tacitus' Anal.; Merivale's Hist. of Rome under the Empire.)—W. S., L.  GERMANUS,, Patriarch of Constantinople, was born about the year 650. From the see of Cyzicus he was transferred, in 715, to the patriarchal throne of Constantinople. When Leo, the Isaurian, became emperor, and warmly espoused the views of the iconoclasts, Germanus resisted his zeal, and in several remarkable letters to bishops, which are still extant, defended the practice of the church. Pope Gregory II. wrote to him on this occasion a letter of sympathy and encouragement. Leo sent for the patriarch at various times, hoping to overcome or weaken his resolution; but the old man was immovable, and the emperor at last caused him to be forcibly ejected from the patriarchal palace. This occurred in 730. After his deposition, Germanus retired to his paternal mansion, at a place called Platania, where he died in 740. His principal works are—"A Treatise on the first six Œcumenical Councils;" "A Defence of the Orthodoxy of the Writings of St. Gregory of Nyssa;" "A Collection of Sermons and Hymns."—T. A.  GERMANUS II., whose surname was, was elected Greek patriarch, during the Latin occupation of Constantinople, at Nicæa, in 1226. He was a native of Anaplus on the Propontis. In 1232, urged on by the Greek emperor, who wished by courting negotiations with the Holy See to stave off a threatened attack from the Latin emperor at Byzantium, Germanus wrote to Gregory IX. bringing forward the question of the re-union of the churches. The pope accordingly sent four nuncios to Nicæa in 1233, but nothing came of the negotiation at that time. Germanus, who is the author of many sermons and epistles, some printed, some in MS., died in 1244.—T. A.  GERMANUS III. was translated in 1264 from the see of Adrianople to the patriarchate, on the occasion of the deposition of Arsenius. The emperor, Michael Palæologus, who had procured his election, became soon afterwards dissatisfied, and contrived by adroit machinations to induce Germanus in 1266 to resign the see. In 1274 he was one of the deputies who represented the Eastern church at the council of Lyons, at which the schism was abjured, and the double procession of the Holy Ghost acknowledged by the Greeks. We have not discovered t he precise date of his death.—T. A.  GERMON,, a French jesuit, born at Orleans in 1663, is remembered chiefly on account of the part which he took in the celebrated controversy respecting the authenticity of ancient charters, occasioned by the treatise of Mabillon, "De Re Diplomaticâ." Against the views of the learned Benedictine and his followers, Germon published three successive works, "De veteribus regum Francorum diplomatibus," &c., displaying considerable erudition and ability. At a later date he wrote "De veteribus hæreticis Ecclesiasticorum Codicum corruptoribus;" and the treatise on the papal bull Unigenitus, which bears the name of Cardinal Bissy, is believed to have been his composition. He died in 1718.—W. B.  GERMONIO,, of the noble family of Ceva, a Piedmontese canonist, born in 1551; died in 1627 at Madrid. He was much honoured at the court of Rome under Sixtus V. and his successors, and was commissioned by Pope Clement VIII. to annotate the decretals, an office the result of which were his "Paratitla in libros quinque Decretalium." He is highly praised by Panciroli.—A. S., O.  * GÉROME,, a French painter, was born at Vesoul, in the department of Haute-Saône, May 11, 1824. A pupil of Paul Delaroche, he entered the École des beaux-arts in 1842, and gained a second-class medal in 1843. In 1844 he accompanied Delaroche into Italy, whence he returned the following year. His first picture, "Young Greeks Fighting Game Cocks," appeared at the Salon in 1847. For the next few years he exhibited sacred and classical subjects, which attracted a certain amount of attention. In 1853, and again in 1856, he visited Turkey and Egypt, and his pictures have ever since shown marks of his eastern studies. Among directly oriental subjects he has exhibited "Egyptian Recruits," and "Memnon and Sesostris." The work which secured him an acknowledged position among the leading painters of France was a picture of enormous size, exhibited in 1855 under the title of "Le Siècle d'Auguste, et la naissance de Jésus Christ." This picture was designed to symbolize the decline of paganism and the birth of christianity. It excited much attention, and was purchased by the government; the painter receiving also the cross of the legion of honour. A work of less ambitious character, however, exhibited in 1857, has rendered the painter far more famous. This was the "Duel after a Bal-masqué." The subject was conceived in a thoroughly dramatic spirit, and treated poetically; and if there were technical deficiencies, they were overlooked in the terrible reality of the scene. At the Exposition of 1859 M. Gérôme exhibited another picture, somewhat similar in spirit, but larger in size, more elaborate in composition, and more complex in subject, "The Gladiators." This is admitted on all hands to be his chef d'œuvre.—J. T—e.  GERRITSZ,, a renowned Dutch sea-captain, was born at Enkhuisen, Holland, about the middle of the sixteenth century. While a boy he made repeated voyages to China and India, and subsequently be served as mate under the bold James Van Mahu. In 1598 he set sail in the Blijde Boodschap, one of a squadron of five vessels commanded by Mahu, and equipped for adventure in the Southern Seas. In this tiny vessel (one hundred and fifty tons) Gerritsz was carried by a tempest from the Straits of Magellan to latitude sixty-four degrees south, where he sighted a mountainous country; the description he gave of which was found by Mr. William Smith in 1819 to answer the New South Shetlands, then for the first time brought under the notice of geographers. Gerritsz afterwards found his way to Valparaiso, where, on landing, he was attacked by the Spaniards, wounded, and imprisoned.—F. M. <section end="644H" /> <section begin="644Zcontin" />GERSON,, was born at Gerson, in the diocese of Rheims, on the 14th December, 1363. He was the son of Arnulph Charlier, and took the name by which he is so well known from the place of his birth. Of Arnulph Charlier's twelve children Jean was the eldest. Three of his brothers and four of his sisters embraced the monastic life. In 1378, while he was a student at Paris, broke forth that famous schism which <section end="644Zcontin" />