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GAT GATTINARA. See.  GAU,, architect and archæologist, born at Cologne in 1790; died at Paris in 1853. In 1809 he entered the Académie des Beaux Arts, Paris, and having completed his studies there, went to Italy in 1815. Two years later, M. Gau accepted an offer to accompany a gentleman to the East; but on his arrival at Alexandria, some difference led him to separate from his companion, and he then resolved, though almost entirely without resources, to continue his journey to Nubia. Thither he proceeded on foot in the wake of a small caravan, trusting for subsistence to the hospitality of the natives. He remained in Nubia until he had drawn and measured all the more important monuments of that country—his ambition being to produce a work which should supplement the great work of the French expedition in Egypt. The result of his labours appeared in a folio volume (Stuttgart and Paris, 1822), entitled "Antiquités de la Nubie, ou monumens inédits des bords du Nil, situés entre la première et la seconde cataracte, dessines et mesurés en 1819." It consists of sixty-eight plates of plans, sections, and views, and has always been received as an authority; it is in truth a noble monument of the industry, ability, and judgment of its author. His next publication was the completion, in two volumes, of Mazois' splendid work on the ruins of Pompeii. He now turned to the practice of his profession, and erected and restored several important buildings. Among his chief new buildings were the great prison of La Roquette and the presbytery of St. Severin; among his restorations, the church of St. Julian and that of the Rue Chauchat. With his name, also, is associated the revival of Gothic architecture in Paris—he having designed and commenced in 1846 the erection of the church of Ste. Clotilde, the first modern church erected in the capital in that style. But illness compelled him to transfer its suspension to other hands, and he died before its completion.—J. T—e.  GAUB,, a German physician, was born at Heidelberg in 1706. After having practised medicine for some time at Deventer and Amsterdam, he was appointed professor of chemistry at Leyden in 1731, and in 1760 physician to the prince of Orange. He died in 1780. Among other learned works he has left "Institutiones Pathologiæ Medicæ," which were repeatedly translated into German; "Adversaria," and "Opuscula Academica."—K. E.  GAUBIL,, a learned Roman catholic missionary whose writings have contributed much to our knowledge of China and other parts of eastern Asia, was born at Caillac in Languedoc in 1689. In 1721 he was sent by the jesuits to China, where he resided for the long period of thirty-eight years. His researches into the history and literature of the country were prosecuted with extraordinary diligence and with so much success as to excite the astonishment of the Chinese themselves, who sometimes applied to him for information regarding difficult and obscure passages in the writings of their favourite authors; and the emperor, who was by no means generally favourable to Europeans, appointed him to an office in the college of Pekin, where he instructed Chinese and Mantchou youths in Russian and Latin so as to qualify them for appointments in the public service. Several important memoirs were prepared by him, among which may be mentioned a "Historical and Critical Treatise on the Chinese Astronomy;" "Narrative of a Voyage from Pekin to Canton;" "History of Genghis Khan and his Dynasty," Paris, 1739, a book highly commended by Gibbon; essays in the Lettres Curieuses et Edifiantes; and a narrative of the Chou king, a body of historical traditions which are held by the Chinese in high veneration. This last was published after his death, which took place at Pekin in 1759.—J. B. J.  GAUBIUS. See.  GAUCOURT, V., a French soldier, the representative of a family of Berry, highly distinguished in the wars of Charles VII. with the English. He entered the service of Charles VI. at the age of fourteen, was knighted for his bravery at the battle of Nicopolis in 1396, and distinguished himself in 1408 in the duke of Burgundy's campaign against the revolted inhabitants of Liege. He had already seen some service against the English and Burgundians, when he was sent in 1415 to raise the siege of Harfleur, then about to surrender to the former. Raoul threw himself into the place; fought valiantly to keep it, and surrendered only on condition of perfect immunity for himself and his followers. He passed the next ten years in England a prisoner. On his release, he returned to France a fierce, blood-thirsty enemy of the English. He had the satisfaction of sharing in most of the events which led to the overthrow of their power. Raoul Gaucourt was twice grandmaster of France—in 1450 and again in 1456. He died on the battlefield at an advanced age.—J. S., G.  GAUDEN,, an English divine, was the son of the vicar of Maryland in Essex, and was born there in 1605. He was educated first at Bury St. Edmund's, and subsequently at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he took his degree in arts. He was for some time a tutor in Wadham college, Oxford, and took there the degrees of bachelor, and doctor in divinity. In 1630 he obtained the curacy of Chippenham, and some time after the rectory of Brightwell. He was subsequently appointed chaplain to the earl of Warwick, one of the leaders of the parliamentary party, and at this period manifested a strong leaning to the popular side. A sermon which he preached before the house of commons in 1640 gave so much satisfaction that he received a public present of a silver tankard. In the following year the parliament conferred on him the rich deanery of Bocking in Essex. On the overthrow of episcopacy, Gauden retained his preferments by conforming to the new form of church government, but with evident reluctance, which led to the removal of his name from the list of divines convened in the Westminster Assembly. He afterwards subscribed the covenant, though he had written a treatise against it. He gradually receded, however, from the dominant party, and in 1648, when they had resolved to bring the king to trial, he published "A Religious and Loyal Protestation" against their purposes and proceedings. He sent forth various other treatises in defence of the royalist cause, the principal of which is entitled "The Tears, Sighs, Complaints, and Prayers of the Church of England." At the Restoration Gauden was appointed chaplain to Charles II., and shortly after was created bishop of Exeter. In 1664 he was translated to the see of Worcester, but died on the 20th September in that year of a disease which, it is alleged, was caused, or at least aggravated, by his disappointment at not having obtained the see of Winchester, which he had eagerly solicited. The memory of Bishop Gauden has been preserved mainly by his connection with the famous work entitled "Eikon Basilikè, or the Portraiture of his most sacred majesty, in his solitude and sufferings," of which he claimed to be the real and sole author. The treatise, which professes to contain meditations and prayers composed by Charles I. in his captivity, was published in 1648, a few days after the execution of that monarch, and produced an extraordinary sympathy in his behalf. So eagerly and universally was it read that it passed through fifty editions in a single year. "Many," says Hume, "have not scrupled to ascribe to that book the subsequent restoration of the royal family. Milton compares its effects to those which were wrought on the tumultuous Romans by Antony's reading to them the will of Cæsar." A vague rumour was circulated at the time, that the work was written by one of the royal chaplains; but nothing was known of its real origin until 1691, when a note was discovered which the earl of Anglesey had prefixed to a copy of the book, ascribing the authorship to Gauden, on the authority of Charles II. and his brother James, who had communicated the same information to Burnet. This led to the publication in 1692 of a circumstantial account of Gauden's claim by his former curate. Dr. Walker. The question thus raised was keenly discussed by various writers on both sides, and for some time the arguments for and against Gauden's claim appeared to be pretty equally balanced. At length, in 1786, the scale of evidence was turned by the publication of the bishop's own letters to Lord Clarendon, in which he distinctly declares that the work was "wholly and only" his own "invention, making, and design." The chancellor had before this learned the secret from his own friend, Morley, bishop of Worcester, and in a letter to Gauden he admits that the fact "had indeed been imparted to him as a secret, and when it ceased to be a secret it would please none but Milton." The opposite view, however, has been maintained with great ingenuity by Dr. Wordsworth, in his elaborate treatise on the subject. But the arguments in favour of Gauden's claim adduced by Mr. Laing (History of Scotland, vol i.), Mr. Hallam (History of England, vol. i.), and by Sir James Mackintosh, in his masterly article in the forty-fourth volume of the Edinburgh Review, are generally regarded as decisive of the question.—J. T. 