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GAR  to the reformed faith. After continuing for a year or two in the employment of Tottel he became a Roman catholic, and repaired to Spain, whence he proceeded to Rome, and entered the Society of Jesuits. Having studied under Bellarmine, who has left on record a very favourable opinion of him, he was chosen professor of Hebrew, licensed to lecture on metaphysics, and for two years supplied the place of the "famous" Clavius, incapacitated by illness for the discharge of his duties as teacher of mathematics. According to the writers of his own communion. Garnet was a man of singularly mild and amiable disposition, and so very gentle that his appointment to the English mission was opposed by the general of the jesuits, Aquaviva, on the ground that he was not stern enough for the trying and perilous occupation. To England, however, he proceeded; and two years after his arrival in this country, he was appointed superior of the English jesuits, gaining, in the discharge of his duties, the respect and esteem of the English catholics generally. His chief patron and friend was for several years William Lord Vaux of Harrowden, whose eldest daughter, Anne, on the death of her father in 1595, attached herself to the fortunes of Garnet, accompanying him from place to place, and displaying to the last a devotion to him easily susceptible of misconstruction. He was intimate also with Tresham and Catesby, and in the September of 1605 he joined in a pilgrimage to St. Winifred's Well in Flintshire, with a company of English catholics, which included Rookwood, one of the avowed conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot. At once the starting-point and the terminus of this pilgrimage was Goathurst in Buckinghamshire, the seat of Sir Everard Digby, in the company of whose whole family he proceeded on the 29th of October to Congleton in Warwickshire, in the immediate vicinity of the general rendezvous of the participators in the plot, which was to have been executed a few days afterwards. For some time after the discovery of the plot, Garnet continued at Congleton, whence he withdrew to Hendlip hall, near Worcester, the seat of Mr. Abington, a zealous Roman catholic (married to a sister of Lord Monteagle, and she is supposed to have been the person who gave the famous warning to his lordship), which was full of hiding-places, skilfully contrived for the shelter of Roman catholic fugitives. While here, he was included in a bill of attainder for his alleged participation in the Gunpowder Plot, and Hendlip hall was rigorously watched and searched for his arrest. After baffling his pursuers for seven days, he and his companion Oldcorne, or Hall, another jesuit, came forth from their hiding-place, in which they had been nearly stifled, and they were conducted to London, where they were imprisoned in the Tower. To entice him into an avowal of guilt, which he steadily denied, recourse was had to a stratagem by no means uncommon in those days. Garnet and his fellow-prisoner were placed in adjoining cells, which communicated with each other by a door, and through this they were told by their keepers they might confer. Two persons were, however, in privity commissioned to listen to and report their conversation, which was of such a kind that Garnet, on learning the stratagem employed, confessed that the plot had been made known to him in the July of 1605. He was tried for high treason by special commission on the 28th of March, 1606. The prosecution was conducted by Sir Edward Coke; and the king was present privately during the trial, which lasted from eight in the morning till seven at night. Garnet was found guilty, and executed in St. Paul's churchyard on the 3rd of May, 1606. His guilt or innocence has been the subject of controversy from his own day to ours; one of the main questions being whether the communication of the plot to him had not been solely made under the seal of confession, and whether he was warranted in revealing information thus obtained? A tolerably full and fair summary of the controversy will be found in Mr. David Jardine's Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot, London, 1857; and an interesting account of Garnet's execution, "from a manuscript as it was penned by an eye-witness," in Dodd's Church History. Garnet translated from the Latin into English, London, 1590, "Canisius' Catechism," a version which includes sundry original tractates from his pen. He was also the author of a "Treatise of Christian Regeneration at Birth," and of an "Epistola de Martyrio Godefredi Mauritii," inserted in the history of Didacus Yepesius de Persec. Angl. On his trial, Garnet was described by Sir Edward Coke, as a man of "many excellent gifts and endowments of nature, by birth a gentleman, by education a scholar, by art learned, and a good linguist."—F. E.  GARNETT,, M.A., born in 1789; died 21st September, 1850, was priest-vicar of Lichfield cathedral, and in 1836 vicar of Chebsey in Staffordshire. In 1837 he resigned these livings to become assistant-keeper of the printed books in the British Museum. Eminently qualified for philological inquiries by his thorough knowledge of Latin and Greek, and his extensive acquaintance with oriental languages, Anglo-Saxon, and several modern European languages, he was enrolled a member of the British Philological Society on its establishment in 1842; and nine valuable papers read by him between the years 1842-47 are contained in the proceedings of that society. He was also a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He contributed to the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, the Gentleman's Magazine, and the Quarterly.—R. V. C.  GARNET,, an English chemist, born in Westmoreland, 21st April, 1766; died in 1802. Having obtained the degree of M.D. in Edinburgh in 1788, he continued his professional studies for a short time in London, and subsequently practised medicine at Bradford, Harrowgate, and other places. In 1795 he went to Liverpool intending to set sail for America, but the success of some scientific lectures which he delivered there, induced him to remain in England. In 1796 he was appointed professor of chemistry in the Andersonian university, Glasgow. This office, however, he soon resigned, and went to London to enter upon the professorship of chemistry in the Royal Institution. He subsequently gave lectures on chemistry and physics in his own establishment in Great Marlborough Street. Dr. Garnet is the author of an "Analysis of the Harrowgate Waters;" a "Tour through the Highlands;" "Outlines of Chemistry and Zoonomia." His "Popular Lectures," published after his death, contains a memoir of him.—R. V. C.  * GARNIER,, was born at Paris, 27th March, 1801. Educated at the Lycée Bonaparte, and afterwards a student of law, he finally devoted himself to philosophy. A pupil of Jouffroy, he succeeded him in the chair of dogmatic philosophy at the Sorbonne, which he still fills. His works are remarkable for clearness of style. Amongst them are—"Précis de Psychologie," 1830; "La Psychologie et la Phrénologie Comparées," 1839, in which he attacks the theories of Gall; and "Traité des Facultés de l'Ame," 1852. M. Garnier assisted Jouffroy in his translation of Reid, and has edited the philosophical works of Descartes.—W. J. P.  * GARNIER,, was born at Beuil, Nice, in October, 1813, and is well known as a political economist. Both as a writer and a public teacher, he has laboured much to popularize his favourite science, of which in 1856 he was appointed professor at the école superieure du commerce. He has edited the Journal des Economistes and the Nouveau Journal des Connaissances Utiles, and has published a host of books and tracts (some of which have been translated into various continental languages) on political economy, association, population, poverty, free trade, and kindred subjects.—W. J. P.  GARNIER,, a distinguished French historical painter, was born at Paris, August 24th, 1759. Having first received an excellent general education, he became a pupil of Durameau, of Doyen, and of Vien, and entered the École des Beaux-Arts. At the contest for the grand prize of the studentship at Rome in 1787 Garnier's picture was adjudged the second place, Girodet's being first. The following year Garnier won the first, Girodet the second prize. At a third competition the prize was divided between them. Garnier now proceeded to Rome, where he was soon regarded as the most promising among the pupils of the Academy, and the specimens of his pencil sent home for exhibition, in accordance with the rules of that institution, were received with enthusiasm. During his long career as a painter in Paris, Garnier continued to maintain his position as one of the leaders of the French historical school. His works may be divided into three classes, corresponding generally to the early, middle, and latter portions of his career. The first consists of subjects from Greek and Roman history, of which the list is very long; the "Affliction of the Family of Priam" (exhibited in 1800) may, however, be mentioned as the largest and most important example. Next, in order of time, are those taken from old and also contemporary national history, as the "Burial of Dagobert;" "St. Louis arbitrating between Henry III. of England and his barons;" and "St. Vincent de Paul and the Cardinal Richelieu"—with, of the latter kind, the "Reception of the duc d'Angoulême at Chartres on his return from Spain," 1827; "Napoleon contemplating the map of Europe," 