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GAR  for the flora, which he hoped to complete in 1851. He visited, along with Sir Emerson Tennent, Jaffna, Trincomalee, and various other districts of Ceylon. Close application to study injured his health materially, and he in consequence paid a visit to Lord Torrington, the governor of the island, at Neuera Ellia, the far-famed sanitarium of Ceylon, and was there suddenly attacked with apoplexy, which carried him off in a few hours. Before his death he had completed a "Manual of Indian Botany." The materials for the flora of Ceylon have been placed at the disposal of Mr. Thwaites, the present superintendent of the Ceylon garden, who is now engaged in its publication. Gardner published several papers in the Calcutta Journal of Natural History on the plants of Ceylon, and on the Podostemaceæ of Southern India. He was an active practical botanist. His energy was untiring, his disposition cheerful, and his acquirements were extensive and varied.—J. H. B.  GARENGEOT,, a distinguished French surgeon, was born at Vitré in Brittany in 1688, and died at Cologne in 1759. He studied under the celebrated Danish anatomist, Winslow, and was some time afterwards admitted a fellow of the Faculty of Surgeons of Paris. A course of lectures on anatomy which he delivered about the same time made him famous. He was made a member of the Royal Society of London, and of the Royal Academy of Surgery of Paris, and appointed demonstrator at the school of surgery. Garengeot was a voluminous writer.—R. M., A.  * GARIBALDI,, was born 4th July, 1807, in Nice, and by his mother intended for the priesthood, but his father had been a sailor, and his grandfather; and in Giuseppe was that inborn love of freedom and adventure which seems to belong to a sea-faring life. He privately commenced his nautical career by a voyage to Genoa in a little boat with a few bold comrades. His mother, seeing resistance useless, gave her consent; so his father took him in one of his voyages to Odessa, and afterwards to Cagliari and the Levant, in one of which a serious illness compelled him to remain some time at Constantinople. Here he formed a strong friendship with one of the members of "Young Italy," and returned to Genoa in 1834, just as the Savoy expedition took place, whose object was to carry insurrection into the Austrian provinces of Italy. Hunted by the police, he passed eleven days and nights on the mountains that divide Genoa from Nice, and arrived at his own home so sunburnt and tattered that his own mother did not recognize him. On the evening of the same day he swam the Var—which once divided Italy from France—then swollen by the rains of February, and arriving at Marseilles, saw his own name in print for the first time. The sentence of death had been passed on him by Charles Albert, king of Piedmont. Now, as mate of the Union, he voyaged to and from the Black Sea. Once, in the harbour of Marseilles, he sprang from the deck of his ship into the sea to save a lad from drowning, and during his last sojourn in the city, spent a month of days and nights in one of the hospitals when the cholera was at its height, as nurse. In 1836 he sailed for Rio Janeiro, at the time when the republic was at war with Brazil, and at the head of a band of Italians, in a cruiser named the Mazzini (the leader of Young Italy, of which society he was a staunch disciple), Garibaldi enlisted in the cause of the oppressed. In a naval contest with two Brazilian vessels, he received what he thought at first was his death-wound, but it proved to be the only one that has yet fallen to his lot. For six months he remained a prisoner at Gualaguay, and thence proceeded to Montevideo. In a shipwreck off the island of St. Catherine he lost sixteen of his companions, all Italians, fighting for another nation's liberty. Here, too, he met that young Brazilian who, from the moment those words, "Tu devi esser mia," were uttered in her ears, followed him through the next nine years of his life, as friend, wife, fellow-soldier, page; never quitting him unless torn away by the foe, even then escaping, ever guided back to her love. So she cherished, so sustained him, till woman's strength could bear no more; and when Rome's disastrous work was done closed this life of devotion, following, flying with him, and dying in his arms. Four children were born to Garibaldi by his wife Anita, three of whom—Minotti, Ricciotti, and Teresa—are living; the fourth found a grave in its birthplace, Montevideo. She was on the point of giving birth to a fifth when the Austrians hunted her to death. After the birth of his first child Garibaldi supported his family by teaching Italian, French, and mathematics in the colleges; but the government of Montevideo, to whom his past achievements and character were known, pursued him with entreaties to aid them in their struggle against the tyrant Rosas. His adventures during the next ten years would fill a volume; enemies and friends alike bear testimony to the disinterested courage and high moral tone which pervaded Garibaldi's legion, which never received a farthing from the country it defended. In 1844 General Rivera presented several acres of land and some thousand heads of cattle to this legion; when the title deeds were brought to Garibaldi he tore them in pieces, saying that the Italians gave their life for the country, not in exchange for lands and cattle, but in return for the liberal hospitality that they had received, and because Montevideo combated for liberty. In the battle of St. Antonio three hundred of this legion gained a signal victory over fifteen hundred of the enemy's troops. Many of them recount to this day how Garibaldi exhorted them to remember that the honour of Italy was engaged in the struggle. These exhortations produced their effect, as may be seen inscribed on a monument which Garibaldi erected to his fallen braves. On one side is written, "Thirty-six Italians killed on the 8th February, 1846;" on the other, "One hundred and eighty-four Italians killed on the battle-field of St. Antonio." In memory of their unexampled bravery, the government inscribed in letters of gold on the Italian banner—"Exploit of the 8th February, 1846, of the Italian Legion under the command of General Garibaldi." This struggle of Montevideo against Rosas lasted from 1830 to 1851, when the United Provinces, joining their forces with those of the Banda Orientale against the dictator so universally detested, forced him to an ignominious flight, by which alone his life was saved. England and France throughout those years had intervened in vain. Besides the ambassadors from the French court, Great Britain sent five successive deputies to induce Rosas to desist from his iniquitous aggressions. Lord Howden, in 1847, brought his negotiations nearer to a close than any of his predecessors had done, inasmuch as he had induced Rosas to consent to his proposals. The terms offered, however, were such as the government of Montevideo could not in honour accept, and Garibaldi, in a personal interview with Lord Howden, replied in the name of the rest that he and his had taken arms to defend the cause of justice, and that that cause could not be abandoned by honourable men. We quote the following passage from Lord Howden's speech in the house of lords when he stood up there July 10, 1849, to answer the accusations brought against him for mismanagement of the mission to the River Plate—"The garrison of the town," he says, "was almost entirely composed of Italians and Frenchmen, with a few manumitted slaves, and it was commanded by a person to whom I am glad to be able to pay this tribute, for he stood there a disinterested individual among those who only sought their own personal advantage. I refer to a person of great courage and military skill, who has a just claim on our sympathies, considering the unjustifiable intervention of the French and the recent extraordinary and unnatural events that have taken place in Italy—I allude to General Garibaldi."

In 1847 Jacopo Medici (now general), an intimate friend both of Mazzini and Garibaldi, bore tidings from the former to the latter of Italian hopes and prospects, and concerted with Garibaldi his return to Italy, where, landing at Leghorn, he was to attempt a revolution in Tuscany. So on the 15th of April, 1848, the Speranza, freighted with sixty-three Italians, set sail from Montevideo, and touching at the little island of St. Palo, learned the wondrous tidings of the Sicilian revolution, the five days of Milan, and the Lombard war, with Charles Albert at its head. Garibaldi decided, therefore, to land at Nice, whence, with his ranks swelled by crowds of volunteers from Nice and Genoa, he proceeded to the royal camp, and offered his own and their services to the man who in 1834 had condemned him to death, and who now fearing the volunteers more than the Austrians, treated him with the utmost coldness, and, under one pretence and another, prevented him from striking a single blow for his country until the infamous armistice of Salasco had handed Milan back to Radetzky. Garibaldi, scorning to acknowledge it, rallied his followers, among whom was Mazzini, who bore the banner of "God and the People," and for weeks they fought desperately against the Austrians. When the pope fled from Rome in November, 1848, Garibaldi, whose followers now amounted to over two thousand, took up his head-quarters in Rieta, as an attack on Rome was talked of by the king of Naples. Elected a member of the assembly, he was the first to 