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FOR civil law. The circumstances under which it was written add to its interest. In 1463 he accompanied Queen Margaret to Flanders, and while there wrote it with a view to the guidance of Prince Edward, should he ever come to the throne. Fortescue returned to England with Queen Margaret and Prince Edward, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Tewkesbury in 1471. In the first parliament of Edward IV. he was attainted of treason. The attainder was reversed in 1473. Henry VI. and his son being now dead, Fortescue retracted a paper which he had written against the claims of the house of York, and closed his life in studious retirement at Ebburton, now written Ebrington, in Gloucestershire. An English treatise of his, on the difference between absolute and limited monarchy, was published in 1714 by John Fortescue-Aland, Lord Fortescue, a notice of whom is given below. The "De Laudibus" is of far more value than any other of our old law treatises. It is interesting to the historian of manners, as well as to the jurist. The "De Laudibus" and the "Monarchy" are quoted by Ellis in the dissertations prefixed to his Specimens of the early English Poets, for some curious distinctions on the modes of living and the comparative comforts of the French and English peasantry in the fifteenth century. It would appear that the advantage was with the English in dress, in food, and in freedom from oppressive taxation. The "De Laudibus" was first printed in the early part of Henry VIII.'s reign. In 1516 an English translation was published, and it has been frequently reprinted since with Selden's notes.—J. A., D.  FORTESCUE-ALAND,, Baron Fortescue, an English judge, born in 1670; died in 1746: a descendant of the chief justice. He was of Oxford and the Inner Temple. Though a member of Pope's tory coterie, he was a whig, and rapidly attained promotion from the government. On the accession of George I. he was made solicitor-general to the prince of Wales. In the next year, 1715, he was the king's solicitor. Soon after, he was appointed a judge at Westminster; and so, with a short interval, he continued on the bench, now in one court, and then in another, for thirty years, when he retired, and was made a peer of Ireland in June, 1746, "in testimony of his long judicial services and integrity." This dignity, however, he did not long enjoy, dying near the close of the year. He published in 1714 an edition of Sir John Fortescue's treatise on the difference between an absolute and limited monarchy, with a preface in which he discusses numerous questions relating to Saxon philology, as well as to constitutional topics, on which he was wont to expatiate in his charges to grand jurors and justices of the peace on his circuits. He was also a reporter; but none of his law reports possess the interest of the burlesque of "Stradling v. Styles," which he furnished to his friend Pope.—S. H. G.  FORTIA, , Marquis de Fortia d'Urban. The subject of this notice, whose numerous christian names we have just written, was born in 1756, and died in 1843. The family was French; made claims of high descent, and traced their origin to Arogen Agricola Fortia, and the number of the christian names to the fact that his sponsors were the magistrates of Avignon, of which city his father was viguier at the time of his birth. He was educated for the army, but some accident of property led him to reside at Rome, where he was given some military appointment. Fortia returned to France in 1789, and contrived to live through the troubled times of the Revolution. He never emigrated, but felt it prudent to conceal himself during the Reign of Terror. He was member of the Academy, had some talents for literature, and expended a large fortune in the publication of works of his own and others, none of them of great value. A list of them is given by Querard.—J. A., D.  FORTIA DE PILES, , Comte de, was born in 1758, and died in 1826. He entered the army, and being a devoted royalist, left France when the Revolution began to press hard upon his order. He returned after the Restoration, but was, in spite of his zealous advocacy of royalist principles, treated only with neglect. He withdrew in disappointment to Sisteron, where he died. Fortia was a voluminous writer.—R. M., A.  FORTIGUERRA or FORTEGUERRI,, born at Pistoja in 1674. From his earliest years he displayed great poetical taste, and his father, a man of considerable learning, undertook his education. But the father having died suddenly, the young poet went to Pisa to study jurisprudence, and took out the degree of LL.D. in 1695. He went soon after to Rome, where he met with the most encouraging reception, and at the death of Innocent XII. he was appointed to recite a funeral oration, that established at once his reputation as an accomplished orator. He followed Felice Zondari to the court of Philip V. of Spain on some special mission, and having returned to Rome, he became the intimate friend of Cardinal Fabroni, through whose influence he was raised to the prelacy under the reign of Clement XII. During his residence in a fine villa near Rome, in the autumn of 1715, he conceived a plan of a poem partaking of the various peculiarities contained in the poems of Berni, Pulci, and Ariosto, and in a few days he wrote the first canto of "Il Riciardetto." Having read it to a few chosen friends, he was encouraged to continue it, and in a short time he completed it in thirty cantos. This poem, which he published together with the translation of Terence, may be considered a continuation of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. His style is rich and elegant, his versification very easy and harmonious; and whilst he adopts Berni's humorous strain so prominent in his Orlando Inamorato, we can perceive in it Ariosto's classical and charming way of relating stories, as well as the vivid and fanciful imageries of Pulci. Fortiguerra died on the 17th of February, 1735.—A. C. M.  FORTIGUERRA,, better known by the name of Carteromaco, was born at Pistoja on the 4th of February, 1466. He was assisted in the study of the Greek language by Poliziano, and completed his classic education in the universities of Bologna and Padua. Having met with the celebrated publisher, Aldo Manuzio, whom he had already known at Rome, Fortiguerra assisted him in founding at Venice the famous Aldine Academy, destined to direct the editing of classic authors; and he was elected its secretary. It was then that, following an ancient usage, he assumed the name of Carteromaco; it being the Greek translation of Fortiguerra. He contributed particularly to the preparation and revising of classical manuscripts previous to their publication; and he continued in that important occupation until war closed Aldo's printing-offices in 1506. Fortiguerra published in Greek the rules and laws of the Aldine Academy, together with some epigrams and orations. After having enjoyed the favour of Pope Leo X., and of his nephew, Julius de Medicis, he died on the 16th of October, 1515.—A. C. M.  FORTIN,, a French sculptor, was born about 1760, and died in 1832. Fortin for many years occupied a high place in French art, and executed many of the sculptural monuments with which Paris was adorned during his professional career. Among the chief of these are the "Monument to Desaix" in the Place Dauphine; the "Apollo" and the "Minerva," bassi-relievi, in the grand staircase of the Louvre; the sculpture in the pediment of the same building, facing the Pont des Arts; the "Victory," basso-relievo, in the arch of the Carrousel; several of the bassi-relievi in the column of the Place Vendôme; and the sculptures of several of the fountains of Paris. He also executed various busts, statues, and relievi, which passed into private collections, and painted a few pictures.—J. T—e.  FORTIS,, Abbate, an Italian naturalist, born in 1740; died in 1803. He acquired celebrity chiefly through his scientific travels in Dalmatia. Of these travels he wrote an account, "Viaggio in Dalmazia," which was translated into English, London, 1778; and which is full of useful information on the peculiarities of that country.—A. S., O. <section end="469H" /> <section begin="469Zcontin" />FORTOUL,, born at Digne in 1811; died at Ems in 1856; educated at Lyons. He went to reside at Paris towards the close of 1829, and in that year read in the Societé des bonnes études an essay on the popular songs of the Lower Alps. He was appointed professor of French literature at Toulouse. In 1849 he was elected a member of the constituent assembly. From the first he attached himself to the views and interests of Louis Napoleon. On Napoleon's becoming emperor, Fortoul was named minister of public instruction. In 1853 he was raised to the rank of senator. In the next year he became a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres, and in 1855 received the cross of the legion of honour. Plans of great extent with respect to the literature of France were suggested and commenced by Fortoul, the most important of which was a collection of the works of the old French poets, and a catalogue of the imperial library. They were interrupted by his death at Ems, where he was staying for the benefit of his health. In the commencement of his <section end="469Zcontin" />