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FER FERNANDEZ-NAVARRETE,, commonly called (the Dumb), was born at Logrono in 1526. He became deaf, and consequently dumb, when quite a child, and commenced his art by expressing his wants in rough sketches, which finally led to the development of a great power. He learnt painting of Vicente de San Domingo, a monk of Estrella, and then when still young made a journey into Italy to perfect himself amid the art treasures of that country. Titian became his great model. He returned to Spain, and was invited to Madrid, where, on March 6th, 1568, he was appointed painter to the king, Philip II., with a yearly pension of two hundred ducats. Philip engaged him on many important works for the Escurial; but El Mudo resided at his native place, and painted also some pictures for the monastery of Estrella. One of his principal works for the Escurial was "Abraham visited by the three Angels," painted in 1576, for which he received five hundred ducats, a large sum at that time. He had undertaken many works for the same convent, but his premature death prevented their completion. He died at Toledo, March 28, 1579. El Mudo was a painter of very great ability, and is said by good judges to have well deserved the title which he earned of the "Spanish Titian." Lord Lansdowne possesses, at Bowood, a beautiful female portrait by him.—(Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico de los 'mas Ilustres Profesores, &c., 1800.)—R. N. W.  FERNANDEZ VILLAREAL,, a Portuguese writer of Jewish extraction, strangled at Lisbon in 1622. He had filled the functions of Portuguese consul at Paris; but on his return, being accused of following the Jewish law, he was delivered over by the inquisition to the secular power, and though he recanted, was put to death. He has written a curious work on the captivity of Prince Edward, brother of John IV. in Germany; "Political Christianity," being discourses on the life of Cardinal Richelieu, and some poems in French and Spanish.—F. M. W.  FERNAU,. See.  FERNE,, an English antiquary, was a native of Lincolnshire. He was educated either at St. Mary's hall or University college, Oxford, and afterwards studied municipal law in the Inner Temple. He was appointed secretary and keeper of the king's signet of the council established at York for the north of England, and received knighthood early in the reign of James I. In 1586 he published the "Blazon of the Gentry" in the form of dialogues, which are quaint and curious, giving critical accounts of arms, the principles of precedence, and strictures upon the times. He died about the year 1610.—J. L. A.  FERNE,, Bishop of Chester, the youngest son of Sir John Ferne, was born at York in 1602. He was educated at the free school of Uppingham in Rutlandshire. In 1618 he was a commoner of St. Mary's hall, Oxford, and after two years removed to Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. He was presented to the college living of Marsham in Yorkshire, to Medbourne in Leicestershire, and to the archdeaconry of Leicester. Having preached before the king, he was appointed chaplain-extraordinary. In 1642 he published his "Case of Conscience touching the Rebellion," which led to his retreat to Oxford, where he preached in St. Aldate's church; after which he was appointed chaplain-in-ordinary to the king, and received the degree of D.D. He was present at the battle of Naseby, went to Newark, where he remained till the surrender of the garrison. During the usurpation Dr. Ferne lived in retirement. At the restoration he was appointed master of Trinity college, Cambridge, and was twice elected vice-chancellor. He was afterwards named dean of Ely, and, on Dr. Walton's death, was consecrated bishop of Chester, but died about five weeks afterwards in March, 1661. He was buried in Westminster abbey. He was a man of great learning, loyalty, modesty, and piety. He is said to have greatly aided Dr. Walton in his Polyglott. His publications were confined to the defence of episcopacy against presbytery on the one hand, and popery on the other.—J. L. A.  FERNEHAM,, an English physician and naturalist, born in the latter part of the twelfth century, and died at Durham in 1241. He studied at the universities of Oxford, Paris, and Bologna, and was fond of botany. He made botanical excursions on the continent of Europe. He became physician to Henry III. Ultimately he gave up medicine and took to theology, and was finally chosen bishop of Durham.—J. H. B.  FERNEL,, a celebrated French physician, born at Clermont in Beauvoisis in 1497; died 26th April, 1558. He was first educated in his native village, and afterwards at the college Saint Barbe in Paris. Here his progress was so great, that he had no sooner obtained his degree in arts, than he was appointed to a professorship in his college. He, however, became attached to the study of natural science, and determined to devote himself to the study of medicine. He accordingly took his degree of doctor of medicine in 1530. It was not till two years after, that he gave up the study of mathematics and astronomy. He now devoted himself entirely to the practice of medicine, and was appointed a professor at the school of medicine in Paris in 1534. He quickly acquired great reputation as a physician; and although devoted to study and observation, he had one of the largest and most lucrative practices in Paris. His writings and lectures soon gained for him distinction at court, which, however, he avoided as much as possible. He was appointed physician to Henri II. of France, and accompanied that monarch to the siege of Calais. Here his wife died of fever. She was a woman of great sagacity, and exercised much influence over her husband. Fernel took her loss so much to heart that his health gave way, and he died shortly after her. Fernel's reputation was greater during his life than it has been since. He gained for himself the title of the modern Galen, and Borden, one of his contemporaries, says he was a little below Hippocrates, and nearly equal to Galen. He lived at a time when the practice of medicine in Europe had fallen to its lowest ebb; even its most distinguished practitioners were satisfied to quote the opinions of Hippocrates and Galen as sufficient for every emergency. Fernel, in his writings, did not hesitate to express his dissent from these great authorities. He wrote numerous important treatises, embracing the subjects of anatomy and physiology, pathology and therapeutics. He was in the habit of dissecting and making postmortem examinations, and maintained that the rational practice of physic must depend on a knowledge of anatomy and physiology. He was the teacher of Vesalius, and seems to have inspired that great anatomist with his enthusiasm for anatomical research. In his pathological works he attached great importance to the study of the pulse and the urine. He was more theoretical in his therapeutics, and was what would now be called an allopath. He believed in the doctrine of contraria contrariis curantur, and in defending it displayed both logical skill and great professional acquirements. He laid great stress on the necessity of destroying the cause of a disease before treating its symptoms. He objected to mineral medicines, so greatly in vogue in his day. He supported the doctrine that nature furnishes remedies in the same districts where diseases are produced. He has left behind him numerous works, all written in Latin. The works published during his life are as follows—"De naturali parte Medicinæ, libri septem," Paris, 1542, folio; "De evacuandi ratione liber," Paris, 1545, 8vo; "De abditis rerum causis, libri duo," Paris, 1548; "Medicina," Paris, 1554, folio. This last work comprehended his pathological and therapeutical views, and has passed through more than thirty editions. Parts of his works have been published in many forms, and several of them have been translated into French, but no complete edition appears to have been published.—E. L.  FERNOW,, a German miscellaneous writer, was born near Pasewalk, 19th November, 1763, and died at Weimar, December 4, 1808. From the humblest walks of life he rose by his own exertions and the aid of kind friends to a distinguished position. For several years he lived in Italy, where he acquired a solid and elegant knowledge of art and literature. Among his numerous writings we mention—"Römische Studien;" "Life of Carstens;" "Life of Ariosto;" "Francesco Petrarca" (ed. by Hain).—K. E. <section end="392H" /> <section begin="392I" />FERRACINO,, an Italian engineer, was born at Solagna, near Bassano, in 1692, and died in 1777. His parents being very poor, Bartolomeo had in his youth to work as a day labourer. His inventive genius, however, at length brought him into notice, and he soon obtained employment more suited to his tastes. His inventions were remarkable for their ingenuity. He made clocks, hydraulic machines, &c., and threw a wooden bridge across the Brenta, at Bassano, which is a very wonder for strength and boldness of design.—R. M., A. <section end="392I" /> <section begin="392Jnop" />FERRAND,, a French poet, was born at Paris in 1678, and died in 1719. He wrote songs and epigrams, the latter said to be worthy of Rousseau. Some of his pieces are much too free in sentiment, but they are lively and graceful. Most of them are to be found in the "Pièces libres et Poésies de quelques auteurs sur divers sujets," Londres, 1737, &c.—R. M., A. <section end="392Jnop" />