Page:Imperialdictiona02eadi Brandeis.pdf/364

FAU life, he began in the Revue des Deux Mondes for October, 1843, a remarkable series of papers, sketching and philosophizing what he saw. These articles, afterwards collected and republished, with the title "Etudes sur l'Angleterre," reached a second edition in France, but scarcely excited on this side the Channel the attention which they deserved. In 1846 he entered the chamber of deputies as member for the manufacturing town of Reims, and figured as an orator on the currency question, and as an advocate of electoral but constitutional reform. Sent by the department of the Marne to the new assembly called into existence by the revolution of 1848, Faucher threw himself into vigorous opposition to the financial schemes of the provisional government, and to each and every attempt to embody in legislation anything like socialist principles. His rigid, austere, and uncompromising character, added to his industrial and financial knowledge, seem to have attracted the present emperor of the French, and he became minister of public works in the first administration of the then prince-president. He was afterwards minister of the interior, in which capacity his firmness and anti-revolutionary zeal provoked the resentment of the extreme republican party. But Faucher's principles did not change with his elevation; and when Louis Napoleon, in his turn, resolved to appeal to universal suffrage, Faucher resigned, and though named a member of the consultative commission, after the coup d'etat, he refused to enter it. After this he was attacked by a disease of the throat, and was ordered by his physicians to spend the winter of 1854-55 in Italy. He died on his way thither at Marseilles, of typhus fever, on the 14th December, 1854. Faucher's writings are lucid and logical, and he deserves to be remembered as one of the small but indefatigable band of thinkers, who paved the way for the triumph of free-trade principles in France. The best of his miscellaneous writings were published at Paris in 1856, as "Mélanges d'Economie politique et de finances." A portion of his "Etudes sur l'Angleterre" appeared in English in 1844—"Manchester in 1844, its present condition and future prospects, translated from the French, by a member of the Manchester Athenaeum." Mr. Thompson Hankey has also published a translation of his "Remarks on the production of the precious Metals, and on the demonetization of Gold in several countries in Europe," London, 1852.—F. E.  FAUCHET,, was born in 1530, and died in 1601. He was president de la cour des monnaies de Paris. He was patronized by the cardinal de Tournon, who sent him on some mission to the king during the siege of Siena in 1555. This led to his being received into the royal favour. He published several books on mediaeval antiquities. A tract of his on the Gallic liberties is said to contain some facts not elsewhere recorded. A story is told of his going to St. Germain to present one of his works to Henry IV. He found him giving orders to a sculptor for a statue of Neptune. Henry was amused at the strange figure of the president suddenly appearing before him with his white beard. "See Neptune himself!" said he to the sculptor, who did what he could to fix the figure for ever in stone. The president reproached the king in verse. Henry soothed him by a pension of six hundred crowns, and the title of historiographer of France. Fauchet's works have been collected in a quarto volume, Paris, 1610.—J. A., D.  FAUCHET,, a prominent revolutionist, was born in 1744. After completing a brilliant academical career, he entered the society of priests of St. Roch, Paris. When he was barely thirty, he pronounced a panegyric on St. Louis at the Academy, and in after life seems to have been always ready when an éloge or funeral oration was required. Fauchet was appointed one of the king's preachers, but soon gave offence to the court by his evident sympathy with the new political doctrines. He became a zealous abettor of the Revolution, and led the people, sword in hand, to the assault on the bastile. He took part in the new modelling of the church, wrote discourses on liberty, edited newspapers, became constitutional bishop of Calvados, and sat in the legislative assembly. At length, perceiving the ungovernable frenzy of the Revolution, he went over to the Girondins, and being accused before the revolutionary tribunal, he was guillotined with his new associates on the memorable 31st of October, 1793.—R. M., A.  FAUCONBERG. See.  * FAUGÈRE,, born in 1810. In 1835 he published a pamphlet on the life and works of Rochefoucauld, and in 1844 an edition of the Pensées of Pascal. He has also published several tracts in connection with Pascal, and some pamphlets on political economy, the former of which have attracted considerable attention.—J. A., D.  FAUGUES, FAUQUES, FAGUS, or FAGE, a musician of the fifteenth century. That he is spoken of by different writers under the names of Vincent and Guillaume, suggests the possibility that the various orthography of his family name may include two persons; but Baini, in his account of the several compositions thus variously signed in the library of the Vatican, states his opinion that they are all by the same author. They seem to have been written during the pontificate of Nicholas V.—between 1447 and 1455. Immediately succeeding Dufay, Binchois, and John of Dunstable, this contrapuntist, with his contemporaries, links the period of these primitive composers with that of Ockeghem and Josquin Deprès.—G. A. M.  FAUJAS DE ST. FOND,, a celebrated French geologist and traveller. He was born at Montélimart on the 17th of May, 1741, and died at St. Fond in Dauphiny on the 18th of July, 1819. He received his early education at the jesuits' college in Lyons, and subsequently studied law at Grenoble. He, however, acquired a taste for the study of the natural sciences, and became acquainted with the celebrated Buffon, who persuaded him to take up his residence at Paris. Here he was appointed assistant-naturalist in the museum, and afterwards royal commissioner of mines. In this last capacity he visited the various countries of Europe for the purpose of studying their mining industry, and thus became extensively acquainted with their geological formations. He devoted his attention especially to the study of volcanic products. On this subject he produced many papers and works. In 1784 he published his "Mineralogy of Volcanoes;" and in 1788 an "Essay upon the Natural History of Trap Rocks." He was the first scientific writer who drew attention to the basaltic pillars of Fingal's Cave in the island of Staffa. Amongst other countries of Europe he visited England, and on his return to France in 1797, he gave an account of his visit and researches in a work entitled "Travels in England, Scotland, and the Hebrides." This work has been translated into German and English, and is still an instructive account of the districts visited. His papers on mineralogy, geology, palæontology, and the practical arts of life, are exceedingly numerous. He was the first to give an account of scientific ballooning, and published a description of the balloon of Montgolfier, with an account of hydrogen gas, and other aerostatic agencies, in a work in two volumes, in 1783-84. The government of the Republic confirmed Faujas in his appointments; and in 1797 the council of Five Hundred awarded him 25,000 francs as an indemnity for the expenses he had incurred in adding to the collection of the museum of natural history. He was appointed professor of geology in the jardin des plantes, a position which he held till 1818, a year before his death.—E. L.  FAULHABER,, an eminent German mathematician and engineer, was born at Ulm in 1580, and died at the same town in 1635. Faulhaber, like many of the scientific men of his age, was seduced into the absurdities of astrology. He gave out in 1621 that he would produce from one grain of gold two of the same metal, and of the finest quality. But he was, in spite of such nonsense, an able mathematician, and possessed a European reputation. He was solicited by several of the continental powers to place his scientific knowledge and abilities at their service, and was often employed in constructing ramparts and fortifications. He was a very voluminous writer. Descartes paid a visit to Faulhaber in 1620, while serving as a volunteer in the French army in Germany.—R. M., A. <section end="364H" /> <section begin="364Zcontin" />FAULKNER,, a celebrated Irish printer and publisher, was the son of a respectable victualler of Dublin, where he was born in 1699. After receiving a good education he was apprenticed to Hume, a printer of that city, and commenced on his own account in partnership with James Hoey, in 1724, publishing a newspaper called the Dublin Journal. When Harding, Swift's printer, died, the dean sent for Faulkner, and being pleased with him, said—"You are the man I want," and thenceforth he became his friend. He then dissolved his partnership with Hoey in 1730, and his connection with Swift soon brought him into repute. We find the dean afterwards describing him "as the printer most in vogue, and a great undertaker." In 1731 he got into trouble by publishing in his journal observations reflecting upon the honour of the house of lords. <section end="364Zcontin" />